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Mechanics of Solids(M.O.S.)----Notes

Mechanics: It is a branch of science which deals with the state of rest or motion of
particles and bodies under the action of forces.
Principles of Mechanics
1) Parallelogram Law of forces: If two forces acting simultaneously on a particle be
represented in magnitude and direction by the two adjacent sides of a
parallelogram, then their resultant may be represented in magnitude and
direction by the diagonal of the parallelogram which passes through their point
of intersection.
2) Principle of Transmissibility: If a force acts at any point on a rigid body, it may
also be considered to act at any other point on its line of action, provided the
point is rigidly connected with the body.
3) Principle of Superposition of forces: If two equal, opposite and collinear forces
are added to or removed from the system of forces, there will be no change in
the position of the body. This is known as principle of superposition of forces.
4) Newtons First Law of Motion: Everybody continues to be in a state of rest or of
uniform motion in a straight line unless and until an external force is applied on
it.
5) Newtons Second Law of Motion: The acceleration of body is proportional to
the impressed force and takes place in the direction in which the force
acts.(F=ma)
6) Newtons Third Law of Motion: To every action there is an equal and opposite
reaction.
7) Newtons Law of Gravitation: Two bodies are attracted towards each other
along the line connecting them with a force which is directly proportional to the
product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between them.(F=G.m1 m2 /r2)
System of Forces
1) Coplanar Forces: The forces whose line of action lie on the same plane, are
known as coplanar forces.
2) Concurrent Forces: The forces which meet at one point, are known as concurrent
forces.
3) Collinear Forces: The forces whose lines of action lie on the same line, are known
as collinear forces.
4) Coplanar concurrent forces: The forces which meet at one point and their lines
of action also lie on the same plane are known as coplanar concurrent forces.
5) Coplanar Non-concurrent forces: The forces whose lines of action lie on the
same plane but they do not meet at one point are known as coplanar nonconcurrent forces.
6) Non-coplanar concurrent forces: The forces whose lines of action do not lie on
the same plane, but they meet at one point are called non coplanar concurrent
forces.

MECHANICS OF SOLIDS (M.O.S.)

KRUNAL GANDHI

7) Non-coplanar non-concurrent forces: The forces whose lines of action do not lie
on the same plane and they do not meet at one point are known as non-coplanar
non-concurrent forces.
8) Like parallel forces: The forces whose lines of action are parallel to each other
and all of them act in the same direction are known as like parallel forces.
9) Unlike parallel forces: The forces whose lines of action are parallel to each other
but all of them do not act in the same direction are known as unlike parallel
forces.
10) Spatial forces: Forces acting in space are known as spatial forces.
11) Spatial concurrent forces: The forces acting in space but meeting at one point
are known as spatial concurrent forces.
12) Spatial non-concurrent forces like force system: This type of force system
consists of forces acting in space, but are parallel and act in same direction.
e.g. forces in columns of a building.
13) Spatial non-concurrent forces-unlike force system: This type of force system
consists of forces acting in space, parallel but act in opposite direction.
Principle of physical independence of forces: It states, If a number of forces acting
simultaneously on a particle, then each one of them will produce the same effect
which it would have done while acting alone.
Composition of Forces: The process of finding out resultant force of a number of
given forces is called composition of forces.
Methods of Resultant Force:
1) Analytical Methods:
i)
Parallellogram Law of Forces.
ii)
Resolution of Forces.
iii)
Triangle Law of Forces.
2) Graphical Methods:
i)
Triangle Law of Forces.
ii)
Polygon Law of Forces.
Parallelogram Law of Forces: If two forces acting simultaneously on a particle be
represented in magnitude and direction by the two adjacent sides of a
parallelogram, then their resultant may be represented in magnitude and direction
by the diagonal of the parallelogram which passes through their point of
intersection.
Triangle Law of Forces: If two forces acting at a point be represented in magnitude
and direction by two sides of a triangle taken in order, their resultant may be
represented in magnitude and direction by the third side of triangle, taken in
opposite order.
Resolution of Forces: The process of splitting up the given force in to two or more
components, in particular direction, without changing effect on the body is called
resolution of forces.

MECHANICS OF SOLIDS (M.O.S.)

KRUNAL GANDHI

Polygon Law of Forces: If a number of forces acting at a point be represented in

magnitude and direction by the sides of polygon taken in order, then the resultant of
all these forces may be represented in magnitude and direction by the closing side of
the polygon taken in opposite order.
Lamis Theorem: If three coplanar forces acting at a point to be in equilibrium, then
each force is proportional to the sine of angle between the other two.
Proof:

=
=
sin sin sin

=
=
sin(180 ) sin(180 ) sin(180 )

=
=
sin sin sin

sin

Q
sin

sin

Final Equation of Lamis Theorem

Types of Eqilibrium:
i)
Stable Equilibrium
ii)
Unstable Equilibrium
iii)
Neutral Equilibrium
Moment of a Force: The moment of a force is equal to the product of the force and
the prependicular distance of line of action of force from the point about which the
moment is required.
M=P.x
Couple: Two equal and oppositeforces whose lines of action are different form a
couple.
Types of Couple: i) Clockwise Couple, ii) Anti-Clockwise Couple.
Varignons Principle of Moments OR Law of Moments: It states, If a number of
coplaner forces acting simultaneously on a particle, the algebric sum of the moments
of all the forces about any point is equal to the moment of their resultant force
about the same point.

MECHANICS OF SOLIDS (M.O.S.)

KRUNAL GANDHI

Trusses: Trusses are the structures consisting of bars, rods, angle section, channel
section etc.

Types of Trusses

1) Perfect Truss: A truss which satisfies necessary condition m=2j-r is called perfect
truss.
2) Deficient Truss: A truss which satisfies m<2j-r is called deficient truss.
3) Redundant Truss: A truss which satisfies m>2j-r is called redundant truss.
Methods of Analysis of Truss:
i)
Methods of Joints.
ii)
Methods of Sections.
iii)
Graphical Method.
Centroid: It is defined as a point about which the entire line, area or volume is
assumed to be concentrated.
Centre of Gravity: It is defined as a point about which the entire weight of the body
is assumed to be concentrated
Friction or Friction Force: When a body slide or tends to slide on a surface on which
it is resting, a resisting force opposing the motion is produced at the contact surface.
This resisting force is called friction or friction force.
Limiting Friction: The maximum friction force that can be developed at the contact
surface, when body is just on the point of moving is called limiting force of friction.
Types of Friction:
1) Static Friction: Friction experienced by a body when it is at rest is called static
friction.
2) Dynamic Friction: Friction experienced by a body, when it is in motion is called
dynamic friction.
Dynamic Friction is always less than Static Friction.
3) Sliding Friction: Friction experienced by a body when it slides over another body,
is called sliding friction.
4) Rolling Friction: Friction experienced by a body, when it rolls over another body,
is called rolling friction.
Angle of Friction (): The angle between normal reaction(N) and resultant force (R)
is called angle of friction or limiting angle of friction.
Coefficient of Friction (): The ratio of limiting friction and normal reaction is called
coefficient of friction.
Simple or direct stresses are developed due to axial force and the failure is either
due to axial tension or axial compression.
Stress (): On a body, when external force is applied, it undergoes some deformation
and interneal resisting forces set up. This resistance to force per unit cross-sectional
area is called stress. Unit:N/mm2.

MECHANICS OF SOLIDS (M.O.S.)

KRUNAL GANDHI

Strain (): Deformation per unit dimension is called strain.

Hookes Law: It states, Within elastic limit, the stress is proportional to strain.
Modulus of Elasticity or Youngs Modulus: It is defined as the intensity of stress
which causes unit strength.

Thermal Stress: With increase in temperature material expands and with decrease in
temperature it contracts. If this free expansionnor contraction is prevented, Stress
will be generated in the material. It is called thermal stress.
Linear Strain (): Deformation per unit dimension is called strain. Strain measured
along the direction of load is called linear strain.
Lateral Strain (): Strain mesured lateral (traverse) to the linear strain is called
lateral strain.
Poissons Ratio ( or 1/m): Ratio of lateral strain to linear strain is called Poissons
Ratio.
Volumetric Strain: Ratio of change in volume to the original volume is called
volumetric strain. It is also known as dilation.
Bulk Modulus (K): When a body is subjected to three mutually perpendicular
stresses of equal intensity, the ratio of direct stress to the corresponding volumetric
strain is known as Bulk modulus.

=

Shear Stress: When a body is subjected to two equal and opposite forces acting
tangentially across the resisting section, as a result of which the body tends to shear
off across the section, the stress induced is called shear stress.
Modulus of Rigidity or Shear Modulus: It is the ratio of shear stress to shear strain.
Beams: Beam is structural member subjected to traverse loads. Its length is large in
comparison with its cross-sectional dimensions.
Pure Bending Stress: When a beam length is subjected to a constant amount of
bending moment and a zero shear force, the stresses set up across the cross-section
of the beam, due to bending, is known as pure bending stress.
Principal Stress: The magnitude of direct stress, across a principal plane is known as
principal stress.
Pappus-Guldinus Theorems:
Theorem-I: The area of surface of revolution is equal to the length of the generating
curve times the distance travelled by the centroid of the curve while the surface is
being generated.
Theorem-II: The volume of a body of revolution is equal to the generating area
times the distance travelled by the centroid of the area while the body is being
generated.

MECHANICS OF SOLIDS (M.O.S.)

KRUNAL GANDHI