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2. Masonry
CE 2330
Civil Engineering Materials and Construction
Learning outcomes
List and classify different types of masonry
Describe the construction methodology
and arrangement for stone and brick
masonry
Explain differences between different
types of masonry walls
Introduction
Masonry consists of blocks made out of stone, bricks,
concrete and other materials, joined together by mortar.
Various types of masonry units are used in construction:
1. Concrete blocks could be solid or hollow
2. Clay bricks
3. Stone
4. Structural clay tiles These are larger than clay bricks
and are used for lightweight masonry such as partition
walls and filler panels
5. Glass blocks Used in cold regions, especially when
there is a need for natural light in the interior
Clay Bricks
Clay is composed of silica, alumina, and small
quantities of Fe, Mn, S, and phosphates.
The properties of clay necessary for brickmaking are: (1) plasticity to allow moulding and
shaping when mixed with water, (2) sufficient
tensile strength to retain shape after forming,
and (3) ability of particles to fuse together at high
temperatures.
Clays - Classification
Depending on their composition, clays are
divided into
(a) Calcareous clays approx. 15% CaCO3
and burn to a yellowish colour, and
(b) Non-calcareous clays contains
aluminosilicates with feldspar and iron
oxide (2 10%), colour on burning is
determined by the iron oxide content.
Manufacture of bricks
Bricks are manufactured by grinding or
crushing the clay in mills and mixing with
water to make it plastic.
The plastic clay is then moulded, textured,
dried, and then fired. The firing
temperature is typically between 900 and
1200 oC.
The average density of bricks is 2 g/cc.
Bricks Classification
Functional:
Building bricks
Facing bricks
Floor bricks
Paving bricks
Brick dimensions
Similar to concrete blocks, nominal dimensions
are used for bricks also. Typically, company
manufactured bricks have a depression on the
top and bottom surfaces with an imprint (usually
of the company name). This depression is called
a frog, and causes and improvement in the
bond between the brick and mortar.
Standard brick measures 19 x 9 x 9 cm (with 1
cm mortar joint 20 x 10 x 10 cm)
Traditional brick measures 23 x 11 x 7 cm
Brick types
Properties of bricks
Durability of bricks depends on their absorption
potential. Bricks with high absorption are prone
to efflorescence.
In general, clay bricks are durable, fire resistant,
poor conductors of heat, and have moderate
insulating properties.
The compressive strength of bricks depends on:
Composition of the clay
Method of brick manufacturing, and
The degree of firing
Efflorescence
Efflorescence on brickwork is commonly observed when
salts dissolved in moisture get deposited on the surface.
It produces ugly damp patches, eats through the surface
coatings, and gradually disintegrates the structure.
The salts are typically sulphates of Mg, Ca, or Na, as
well as certain nitrates, carbonates, and chlorides.
The source of these salts can be groundwater, mortar
used for the masonry, or the brick itself (when it is
porous, underburnt etc.).
Efflorescence
Stone
Similar to the ancient times, large blocks (more
than 1 m on each side) of stones are often used
for architecturally appealing construction. Such
large pieces that are finished and dressed are
known as dimension stone.
The choice of a particular type of tone for
construction depends on many parameters,
such as the mineralogy of the rock, the
mechanical properties of the rock, as well as the
resistance to weathering.
Lime
Lime (CaO) is obtained from limestone (composed of
CaCO3) by calcination.
Hydration of lime:
CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3 + H2O
Setting
Hardening
Surkhi
Terra cotta
Earthenware and stoneware
Gypsum
Types
Stone
Brick
Concrete block
Reinforced brick
Composite
Terms (contd.)
Terms (contd.)
Coping covering of stone, terra cotta,
concrete or brick on top of wall
(weathering and throating)
Arches and gables
Column (W < 4t)
Pier (W > 4t)
Pilaster Pier monolithic with wall and
projecting beyond
Modern
Traditional