UNIT-I

STRESS AND STRAIN

Stress and strain at a point Tension, Compression, Shear Stress Hookes Law
Relationship among elastic constants Stress Strain Diagram for Mild Steel, TOR steel,
Concrete Ultimate Stress Yield Stress Factor of Safety Thermal Stresses Thin
Cylinders and Shells Strain Energy due to Axial Force Resilience Stresses due to
impact and Suddenly Applied Load Compound Bars.
OBJECTIVE

To learn fundamental concepts of Stress, Strain and deformation of solids with

applications to bars, beams and thin cylinders.

Stress
When an external force is applied on a body, it undergoes deformation which is
resisted by the body. The magnitude of the resisting force is numerically equal to the
applied force. This internal resisting force per unit area of the body is known as
stress.

Stress = Resistive Force/Area

In equation form: = P/A,

Units are

N/m2, kN/m2 MPa (Mega Pascal)

Psi (lb/in2), psf (lb/ft2)

Ksi (kips/in2), ksf (kips/ft2)

Strain
When a body is subjected to an external force, there is
some change of dimension in the body. Numerically the
strain is equal to the ratio of change in length to the original
length of the body.

Strain = Change in length/Original length

In equation form: = L/L

Units

m/m, mm/m

In/in, in/ft

Primary Strain/Longitudinal Strain/Direct Strain

It is the ratio of the change in longitudinal length (dimension parallel to the direction
of applied force) to the original longitudinal length.
Longitudinal Strain = L / L

Secondary Strain/Lateral Strain/indirect Strain

It is the ratio of the change in lateral dimension (dimension not parallel to the
direction of applied force) to the original lateral dimension.
Lateral Strain = W / W

Shear Stress() and Shear Strain(G)

The two equal and opposite forces act tangentially on any cross sectional plane of
the body tending to slide one part of the body over the other part. The stress induced
is called shear stress and the corresponding strain is known as shear strain.
Hookes law
This law states that when a material is loaded, within its elastic limit, the stress is
directly proportional to the strain.
Stress Strain

= E
E = /
Its unit is same as that of Stress Where, E is Youngs modulus is Stress is
Strain

Poisson Ratio
It is the ratio of the lateral strain to the
longitudinal strain and is constant property of
each material. Poisson ratio ( or 1/m) =
Lateral strain /Longitudinal strain
Youngs Modulus:
It is the ratio of the normal stress to the normal
strain.
E = /

Rigidity Modulus:
Its is the ratio of the shear stress to the shear strain.
N = Shear stress/Shear strain
N = /G

Elastic Limit:
The maximum stress that can be applied to a metal without producing permanent
deformation is known as Elastic Limit When stress is applied on a body its
dimensions change, these changes can be reversed if the stress applied do not
cross a certain limit. This certain limit within which the material when unloaded will
re-gain its original dimensions is known as Elastic Limit. Beyond the elastic limit
the changes will be permanent and cannot be reversed without an external force.
Brittle materials tend to break at or
shortly past their elastic limit, while
ductile materials deform at stress
levels beyond their elastic limit.

Stress-Strain Relation
Yield Point or Yield Stress
It is the lowest stress in a material at
which the material begins to exhibit
plastic properties. Beyond this point an
increase in strain occurs without an increase in stress which is called Yielding.
Ultimate Strength
It is the maximum stress that a material can withstand while being stretched or pulled
before necking.
Strain Hardening
It is the strengthening of a metal by plastic deformation because of dislocation
(irregular) movements within the crystal structure of the material. Any material with a
reasonably high melting point such as metals and alloys can be strengthened by this
method.
Strain Energy:
Whenever a body is strained, some amount of energy is absorbed in the body. The
energy that is absorbed in the body due to straining effect is known as strain energy.

Resilience:
The total strain energy stored in the body is generally known as resilience.
Proof Resilience:
The maximum strain energy that can be stored in a material within elastic limit is
known as proof resilience.
Modulus of Resilience
It is the ratio of the proof resilience of the material to the unit volume Modulus of
resilience = Proof resilience /Volume of the body