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PROPERTIES OF STEAM
Steam:
Vapour form of water is called STEAM.
Water in solid phase: ICE
Water in liquid phase: WATER
Application of steam
Food processing industry.
Cooking: hotels, restaurants etc.
Used as a working fluid in steam engines and steam
turbines.
Properties
Definition:
The characteristics of a system that can be used to define
its condition/state is called as a property.
Example:
Consider 1 kg of water at
Cylinder
piston
as
Pressure
P
shown in figure.
I kg of
water at
OoC
Temperature
Temperature
(ToC)
Enthalpy
(h)
Dept. of Mechanical & Mfg. Engg.
D
W
TSup
Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 4
Fig. 3
Temperature
Temperature
(T)oC
Fig. 5
D
DOS
TSat
hfg
hf
Sensible heat
AOS
Enthalpy
(h)
Latent heat
Definitions
Sensible heat (hf): (Enthalpy of water)
It is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature
of 1 kg of water from 00C to the saturation temperature
Tsat0C at a given constant pressure P.
hf = m x Cp x T kJ
Where, m = mass of water in kg.
Cp = specific heat of water
= 4.1868 kJ/kg0K
T = Temperature Difference.
Dept. of Mechanical & Mfg. Engg.
10
Wet Steam:
A wet steam is defined as a two-phase mixture of
finely divided water particles and steam at the
saturation temperature corresponding to a given
stated pressure.
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Temperature
Tsup
D
Degree of Superheat
B
Ts
hf
hfg
Sensible
Heat
Latent Heat
hg
Enthalpy
Amount of
Superheat
12
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Let,
mg = Mass of dry steam present in the sample quantity of
wet steam
mf = Mass of suspended water molecules in the sample
quantity of wet steam
mg
m f mg
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Superheated Steam:
A superheated steam is defined as the steam at a
temperature higher than the saturation temperature at the
given stated pressure.
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17
>
Dry saturated
steam
>
Wet
steam
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hg = hf + hfg kJ/kg
Temperature
Tsup
D
Degree of Superheat
B
Ts
hf
hfg
Sensible
Heat
Latent Heat
hg
Enthalpy
Amount of
Superheat
19
h=
hf + x .hfg kJ/kg
Temperature
Tsup
D
Degree of Superheat
B
Tsat
Enthalpy
hf
hfg
Sensible
Heat
Latent Heat
Amount of
Superheat
20
D
Degree of Superheat
B
Ts
Enthalpy
hf
Sensible
Heat
hfg
Latent Heat
Amount of
Superheat
21
D
Degree of Superheat
B
Tsat
Enthalpy
hf
hfg
Sensible
Heat
Latent
Heat
Amount of
Superheat
hg
22
D
Degree of Superheat
B
Tsat
Enthalpy
hf
Sensible
Heat
hfg
Latent
Heat
Amount of
Superheat
23
hg = hf + hfg
kJ/kg
h = hf + x .hfg kJ/kg
c) Enthalpy of Superheated Steam:
0C
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pressure when,
(a) steam is dry saturated,
(b) steam is 22% wet and
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Problem 3:
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Problem 4:
By actual measurement, the enthalpy of steam at 6 bar is
found to be 2500 KJ/Kg.
a) What is the quality of steam?
b) If 500KJ of heat is added to this steam, what is the
1. Superheated temperature
2. Degree of superheat
3. Enthalpy of superheat
Problem 5: 2 Kg of water at 300C is heated continuously
at constant pressure of 5 bar. The total amount of heat
added is 500 KJ. Determine the dryness fraction or
degree of superheat of the resulting steam as the case
may be.
Dept. of Mechanical & Mfg. Engg.
27
Problem 6:
5 kg of water is heated from 400C to superheated steam
at 1500C with constant pressure of 3 bar. Find,
a) The total amount of heat added in the heating process
b) Amount of superheat
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Problem 7:
2 boilers, one with super heater and another without super
heater are delivering equal quantities of steam into a
common main.
The pressure in the boiler and main is 20 bar. The
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Problem 8:
1000 Kg of steam at a pressure of 16 bar and 0.9 dry is
generated by a boiler and it enters the super heater, where
its temperature is raised such that the degree of superheat
is 1800C. If the temperature of feed water is 300 C,
determine
a) Total heat added to feed water in the boiler.
b) Total heat absorbed in the super heater.
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Problem 9:
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Problem 10:
Steam is generated in a boiler at a pressure of 9 bar and
with a dryness fraction of 0.98. Find the quality and
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Problem 11:
The steam initially at a pressure of 0.9 MPa and 2% wet
expands in a turbine such that it losses 80 kJ/kg at
constant pressure.
a) What is the quality of steam after expansion?
b) If it receives 160 kJ/kg of heat before expansion, what
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Temperature
Pc
Pi
At a particular pressure
Tc
P3
dry
steam
without
P2
P1
hf
hf
hfg
Enthalpy
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Critical pressure:
It is the pressure at which the water is directly converted
into
dry steam
without
undergoing
the state of
evaporation.
Critical temperature:
It is the corresponding temperature at the critical point.
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