Transport in Arbitrary Continua

(Application of General Transport Equations)

Chapters 3, 11, and 19 of BSL (2nd ed)
Equations of change for isothermal,
nonisothermal, and mixture systems

What we have discussed so far

Introduction what is transport?
Examples; Why transport?
Molecular transport flux, driving force,
and resistance; Newtons law of viscosity;
Fouriers law of heat conduction; Ficks
law of binary diffusion
Shell balances profiles of and v; q and
T; NA (nA, JA, jA); transport in simple
systems; transport w/ generation

What we should cover for the

next 3-5 lectures
Chapter 3 Equations of change for
isothermal systems (equation of continuity;
equation of motion; application to problems)
Chapter 11 Equations of change for
nonisothermal systems (energy equation)
Chapter 19 Equations of change for
multicomponent systems (equation of
continuity for a multicomponent mixture)

Chapter 3 of BSL 2nd ed

THE EQUATIONS OF CHANGE FOR

ISOTHERMAL SYSTEMS

It is tedious to set up a shell balance for

each problem that we want to solve.
General mass balance and general momentum
balance that can be applied to any problem
Derivations of The equation of continuity
and The equation of motion for isothermal
systems
The derived equations in terms of substantial
derivative
Use the equations to solve flow problems

The equation of continuity - 1

Mass balance over a volume element:
(Rate of increase of mass) =
(rate of mass in) (rate of mass out)
Rate of mass in and mass out in x direction:

in at x yz vx | x

out at x x yz vx | x x

Rate of increase of mass

xyz t
within the element:

xyz

yz vx x vx x x
t
zx v y v y

y y

xy vz z vz z z

vx v y vz
t
y
z
x

v
t
Time rate of change of the fluid density at a
fixed point in space

The equation of continuity 2

v
t
Rate increase
of mass per
unit volume

Net rate of mass addition

per unit volume by
convection

Divergence of v

For a fluid of constant density

(incompressible fluid):

v 0

The equation of motion - 1

Momentum balance over a volume element:
(Rate of increase of momentum) =
(rate of momentum in) (rate of momentum out) +
(external force on the fluid)
This is a VECTOR equation

Rates at which x-component of momentum enters

and leaves the volume element:

yz xx x xx

x x

zx

yx y

yx

y y

xy

zx z

zx z z

Meaning of terms:

ij

-Total momentum flux (convective + molecular transport)

- Subscript j tells us what velocity component is influencing the momentum
transport at direction i

External force (usually gravity) acting on fluid element; x component is:

g x xyz

The equation of motion - 2

Rate of increase of x momentum
within the volume element:

xyz vx t
xyz

x component momentum
balance over volume element:

vx
yz xx x xx
t
zx yx yx

xy zx z zx

y and z components of
momentum balance:

x x

y y
z z

xyxg

vx xx yx zx g x
t
y
z
x

v y xy yy zy g y
t
y
z
x

vz xz yz zz g z
t
y
z
x

The equation of motion - 3

vx xx yx zx g x
t
y
z
x

v y xy yy zy g y
t
y
z
x

vz xz yz zz g z
t
y
z
x
If the total momentum flux is:

v g
t

vv p

v vv p g
t
Rate of increase of
momentum per
unit volume

Rate of momentum
Rate of momentum
addition by convection addition by molecular
transport per unit volume
per unit volume

External force on
fluid per unit
volume

The equations of change in terms of

the substantial derivative - 1
The Partial Time Derivative / t time rate of
change of a property (e.g. concentration) at a
fixed location (see example on the right)

c
t

x, y , z

The Total Time Derivative d/ dt time rate of change of a property (e.g.

concentration) when the observer is moving

dc c
dx c
dy c
dz c


dt t x , y , z dt x y , z ,t dt y x , z ,t dt z x , y ,t
The Substantial Time Derivative D/ Dt time rate of change of a property (e.g.
concentration) when the observer is moving with the same velocity as the stream,
fluid or substance of velocity v (derivative following the motion)

Dc c
c
c
c c
vx
vy
vz
v c
Dt t
x
y
z t

The equations of change in terms of

the substantial derivative - 2

v
t

vx v y vz
t
y
z
x

Equation of continuity

v x v y v z v x
vy
vz
t
y
z x
y
z
x

v x v y v z
v x
vy
vz
t x
y
z
y
z
x
D
v
Equation of continuity
Dt

Equation of motion

Dv
p g
Dt

Three most common simplifications

of the equation of motion

Dv
p g
Dt

1. Constant density and viscosity

Dv
p 2v g
Dt

Popularly known as Navier-Stokes equation; starting point for describing isothermal

flows of gases and liquids
2. Acceleration term neglected in
2
0

v g
Navier-Stokes equation
Also called Stokes flow equation/creeping flow equation; when flow is extremely slow
- Used in lubrication theory, particle motion in suspension, flow through porous
media; swimming of microbes, etc
3. Viscous forces are neglected

Dv

p g
Dt

Also called Euler equation for inviscid fluids (ideal fluids with no viscosity)
- Used to describe flow around airplane wings (except near solid boundary); flow of
ocean currents; etc

How to use the equations of change

to solve flow problems
Usual procedure is substitute expression for (Newtons law of viscosity) to equation of motion
To describe the flow of a Newtonian fluid (determine completely the pressure, density, and
velocity distributions in the fluid) at constant temperature, youll need:

v
Equation of continuity
t
Equation of motion

v vv p g
t

The components of will discuss later the general form of Newtons Law of Viscosity

The equations of state ChE 122; p = p()

The equations of the viscosities as function of density
Boundary and initial conditions

Equations of change are also written in

polar and spherical coordinates

Equation of motion in terms of (Appendix B.5) and for a Newtonian fluid with constant
density and viscosity (Appendix B.6)

Equations of change are also written in polar

and spherical coordinates

Generalization of
Newtons Law of Viscosity - 1
Newtons law of viscosity (simplest form)

yx

dvx
dy

Assumptions:
-vx is a function of y alone
- vy and vz are zero
What if the other two velocity components
are not negligible? The velocity
components depend on all three
coordinates and time? What is ?

v x v x x, y, z, t
v y v y x, y, z, t
v z v z x, y, z, t

Generalization of
Newtons Law of Viscosity - 2
The viscous stress tensor has nine components (three normal stresses xx, yy, and zz and six
shear stresses xy = yx, xz = zx, yz = zy); in terms of viscosity and dilatational viscosity

v j vi 2
vx v y vz

ij
ij

x y z
xi x j 3

T
v v v
3

Example of usage:
vx v y 2
v v
v v v
x y z yx x y

x y z
y x 3
y x
v 2
v v 2
v v v
v v v
xx x x x y z xx 2 x x y z
x 3
x y z
x y z
x x 3
4 vx 2
v y vz

3 x 3

yx

Generalized Newtons Law of Viscosity

in Cartesian Coordinates (B.1)

Generalized Newtons Law of Viscosity

in Cylindrical Coordinates (B.1)

Generalized Newtons Law of Viscosity

in Spherical Coordinates (B.1)

Example: Flow of a Falling Film

Find shear stress and velocity
distribution profiles using equations of
change.

First step: Write

down your
postulates.

Example: Flow of a Falling Film - 1

Postulates:
Steady-state flow with constant density and
viscosity
v z vz x, z x and y components of
velocity are zero (meaning of z); vz doesnt
depend on y (film infinitely wide in y axis)
Next, simplify the tabulated equations of Generalized Newtons Law
of Viscosity, continuity, and motion given in Appendix B.

Example: Flow of a Falling Film - 2

vx v y vz

v 0
x y z

vz
0
z

v z vz x

Example: Flow of a Falling Film - 3

0

vz
xz
x

0
0
0
0

Tabulated Newtons Law of Viscosity in Cartesian coordinates

Example: Flow of a Falling Film - 4

0
0
0

p
0 g sin
x
p
0
y
p
0 xz g cos
z x

Example: Flow of a Falling Film - 5

Solve the simplified equations using initial and boundary conditions.
p
0 g sin
x
p
0
y
p
0 xz g cos
z x

p gx sin constant
Constant is an arbitrary function in terms of y and z
Constant is not a function of y (since dp/dy = 0)

If pressure in the gas phase is very

nearly constant at the prevailing
atmospheric pressure patm, then at the gas
liquid interface x = 0, p = patm

p gx sin patm
Pressure distribution in the falling film

Example: Flow of a Falling Film - 6

p
0
z

p gx sin patm

xz g cos
x

p
g sin
x
p
0
y
p
0 xz g cos
z x
0

xz gx cos

vz = 0

BC1: x = 0

dvz
cos xdx

xz = 0

xz

vz
x

Derived earlier from

Generalized Newtons Law of
Viscosity

g cos
x
vz
1
2

2

BC2: x =

Same differential equation

that you get from shell
momentum balance!

Example: Flow of a Falling Film - 7

In solving the velocity profile in the falling film, we can also use the
Navier-Stokes equation (a simplification of Equation of Motion):

0
0
0

2 vz
0 2 g cos
x

vz g cos
x C1

x

g cos 2
x C1 x C2
vz
2

Example: Flow Through

a Circular Tube

Find shear stress and

velocity distribution
profiles using equations
of change.

Example: Flow Through

a Circular Tube - 1
Postulates:
Steady-state flow with constant density and
viscosity
v z vz r, z no radial and tangential
flows (vr and v = 0); vz doesnt depend on

Example: Flow Through

a Circular Tube - 2
Equation of continuity

0
0

vz
0
z

0
0
0

Generalized Newtons
Law of Viscosity

vz
rz
r

Example: Flow Through

a Circular Tube - 3

p
P
Equation of motion
0

r
r
Modified pressure P = p + gh
h upward height opposite to gravity
1 p
P
Since flow is downward, h = -z
0

P 1
1

r rz r rz
0 p g z z
z
z r r
r r

Example: Flow Through

a Circular Tube - 4
p
P

Modified pressure P
r
r
is only a function of z
1 p
P
0

1
r rz P 1 r rz
0 p g z z
z
z r r
r r

PL P0
L
C1 P0
C0

P Co z C1

BC1: z = 0
BC2: z = L

P = P0
P = PL

dP 1 d
r rz Co

dz r dr

Distribution of modified
pressure P inside the
circular tube

P P
We solved these already.
P L 0 z P0
L
Review the BCs to solve the shear

stress and velocity distribution.

1 d
r rz PL P0
r dr
L

v
rz z
r
Generalized
Newtons Law of
Viscosity

PL P0 C2
r
r
2L

rz

P P
vz L 0 r 2 C2 ln r C3
4L

Final notes before moving

to the next topic
Choose the proper coordinates (Cartesian,
polar, or spherical?)
Write reasonable postulates. Is the problem
1D, 2D, or 3D? Steady or transient? Is the
mass density and/or viscosity constant?
Equation of continuity Generalized
Newtons Law of Viscosity Equations of
motion Solve the differential equations

Chapter 11 of BSL 2nd ed

THE EQUATIONS OF CHANGE FOR

NONISOTHERMAL SYSTEMS

What we have discussed so far

Derivation of equation of continuity
(conservation of mass) and equation of
motion (conservation of momentum)
Generalized Newtons Law of Viscosity
Use of equations of change to determine the
shear stress and velocity profiles (also
pressure!) of fluid in isothermal systems only
How about nonisothermal systems?

The equation of change for energy

Energy balance (kinetic + internal) over a volume element:
{Rate of increase of kinetic and internal energy} =
{net rate of kinetic and internal energy addition by
convective transport} +
{net rate of heat addition by molecular transport
(conduction)} +
{rate of work done on system by molecular mechanisms} +
{rate of work done on system by external forces}

1 2

Rate of increase of kinetic and internal energy: xyz v U

t 2

Net rate of kinetic and internal energy addition by convection and conduction; rate of work
done on system by molecular transport (shear stress and pressure forces):

yz ex x ex

x x

xze

e is the combined energy flux:

1 2

e v U v v q
2

y y

ey

y y

xye

z z

ez

z z

is the total molecular momentum flux:

The equation of change for energy - 1

xyz vx g x v y g y vz g z

Rate of work done on system by external forces (gravity):

1 2

xyz v U yz ex x ex x x xz e y e y
y
t 2

xyz vx g x v y g y vz g z

y y

xye

ex e y ez
1 2

vx g x v y g y vz g z

v U
t 2

x y z

1 2

v U e v g
t 2

z z

ez

z z

The equation of change for energy - 2

rate of
increase
of energy
per unit
volume

1 2

v U e v g
t 2

1 2

e v U v v q
2

1 2
1 2

v q pv v v g

t 2

Wheres
temperature T
in the
equation??

rate of
energy
addition
per unit
volume by
convective
transport

rate of
rate of
rate of
rate of
energy
work done work done work done
addition on fluid per
on fluid
on fluid per
per unit
unit
per unit
unit
volume by volume by volume by volume by
heat
pressure
viscous
external
conduction
forces
forces
forces

We need the form of the energy equation

in which temperature appears.
Equation
of motion

v vv p g
t
Perform a dot product (scalar
product) with velocity vector v;
some lengthy rearrangements;
apply equation of continuity

The equation
of change for
kinetic energy

v
t

1 2
1 2

v v pv p v v : v v g
t 2

rate of increase
of kinetic
energy per unit
volume

rate of addition of
kinetic energy by
convection per
unit volume

rate of work
rate of
done by
reversible
pressure of conversion of
surroundings
kinetic
on the fluid
energy into
internal
energy

rate of work
done by
viscous forces
on the fluid

rate of
rate of work
irreversible by external
conversion force on the
from kinetic
fluid
to internal
energy

We need the form of the energy equation

in which temperature appears.

1 2
1 2

v q pv v v g

t 2

1 2

1 2
v v v pv p v v : v v g
t 2

Equation of change for energy Equation of

change for kinetic energy =
Equation of change for internal energy

U Uv q p v : v
t

net rate of
rate of increase
reversible
rate
of
addition of
in internal
rate of
internal
internal
energy
energy per unit
internal
energy
by convective
volume
energy
addition
by
transport, per
increase per
heat
unit volume
unit volume
conduction,
by
per unit compression
volume

irreversible
rate of
internal
energy
increase per
unit volume
by viscous
dissipation

We need the form of the energy equation

in which temperature appears.
Equation of change for internal energy

U Uv q p v : v
t

in terms of
substantial
derivatives

DU
q p v : v
Dt
in terms of

enthalpy and U
using continuity
equation

DH
D
q : v
Dt
Dt

H pV H p

We need the form of the energy equation

in which temperature appears.

DH
D Equation of change for internal
q : v
Dt
Dt energy in terms of enthalpy

H
H
V T V
From classic thermodynamics (ChE 122): d H
dT

dp

C
dT

p
T
p
T

DH
DT
V

Cp
V T

Dt
Dt
T

Dp
Dt
p

DH
DT 1 Dp

Cp
1
Dt
Dt 1 T T p Dt

Cp

dp
p

DT
1
DH
1 Dp

Cp
T

Dt
Dt

p Dt

DT
ln Dp
DH

Cp
1

Dt
Dt ln T p Dt

DT
ln Dp
q : v

Dt
ln T p Dt

Equation of change for

temperature (our goal! )

How to use the equation of change

for temperature
DT
ln Dp
Cp
q : v

Dt
ln T p Dt

q kT when Fouriers Law is used

k 2T when Fouriers Law is used and k is constant

: v v v

when Generalized Newtons Law of Viscosity is used

describes the degradation of mechanical energy to thermal energy that occurs in all
flow systems (viscous dissipation heating) such as lubrication, rapid extrusion, rapid flight
2

v v j 2

1
i
v ij v 2
: v - : v

2 i j x j xi 3

How to evaluate viscous dissipation heating term

2

v v j 2

1
i
v ij v 2
: v - : v

2 i j x j xi 3

See Table A.7 for this

v v

Special restricted versions of the

equation of change for temperature
Fouriers law with constant k; omit the viscous dissipation term (only important in flows
with enormous velocity gradients)

DT
Dp
k 2T
Dt
Dt
DT
If Cp Cv = R, and the equation of state
2

T v
v
is pM = RT, and using the equation of
Dt
1. For an ideal gas, ( ln / ln T)p = - 1 C p

continuity:

DT
k 2T
2. For a fluid flowing in a constant pressure system, Dp / Dt = 0 C p
Dt
DT
k 2T
3. For a fluid with constant density, ( ln / ln T)p = 0 C p
Dt
T
Cp
k 2T
4. For a stationary solid, v is zero
t

The equation of change for

temperature in terms of q

The equation of change for temperature for

pure Newtonian fluids w/ constant and k

Example: Steady-State Forced Convection Heat

Transfer in Laminar Flow in a Circular Tube

A viscous fluid with physical properties (, k, , Cp) assumed constant is in laminar flow
in a circular tube of radius R. For z < 0 the fluid temperature is uniform at the inlet
temperature T1. For z > 0 there is a constant radial heat flux qr = -q0. Set up the
differential equations that will solve for the temperature profile.

Example: Steady-State Forced Convection Heat

Transfer in Laminar Flow in a Circular Tube - 1
Earlier postulates and results from shell
balance and simplification of equations of
continuity and motion:
v z vz r

Equation of continuity:

Equation of motion:

modified pressure P Pz

vx v y vz

v 0
x y z

vz
0
z

dP 1 d
r rz dP 1 d r dvz 0

dz r dr
dz

r dr dr

pressure P PL P0

profile
L

z P0

vz

P0 PL R 2 r

4L

velocity
R profile

Example: Steady-State Forced Convection Heat

Transfer in Laminar Flow in a Circular Tube - 2
How to simplify equation of change for temperature? Use the equation of change for
temperature for pure Newtonian fluids w/ constant and k. Assume T = T(r,z).

1 T 2T
T
vz
C p vz
k
r

2
z
r

Equation of energy:

Example: Steady-State Forced Convection Heat

Transfer in Laminar Flow in a Circular Tube - 3
1 T 2T
T
vz
Equation of energy: C p vz
k
r

2
z
r

heat convection
in z direction

heat conduction in
r and z directions

viscous dissipation
heating term

Two more assumptions:

1) In the z direction, heat conduction is much smaller than heat convection.
2) Flow is not sufficiently fast that viscous heating is significant.
Analytical or
numerical solution

Cp

P0 PL R 2 1 r 2 T

1 T

k

r

z
r

4L

BC1 :

r 0 T is finite

Boundary conditions:

BC2 : r R qr q0 or k
BC3 : z 0 T T1

T
q0
r

Example: Steady-State Forced Convection Heat

Transfer in Laminar Flow in a Circular Tube - 4
We can put the problem in dimensionless form to minimize the number of parameters in
the final problem formulation.

T T1
q0 R k

1
2

r
R

z

P0 PL R 2 2
Cp
R k
4L

BC1 :

0 is finite

BC2 : 1
1

BC3 : 0 0

Example: Steady flow in a

nonisothermal film

A liquid is flowing downward in steady laminar flow along an inclined plane surface.
The free liquid surface is maintained at temperature T0, and the solid surface at x = is
maintained at T. At these temperatures the liquid viscosity has values 0 and ,
respectively, and the liquid density and thermal conductivity may be assumed
constant. Find the velocity distribution in this nonisothermal flow system. Neglect end
effects and viscous heating. Assume the temperature dependence of viscosity is in the
form of = Aexp(B/T), where A and B are constants.

Example: Steady flow in a

nonisothermal film - 1
Postulates: T = T(x) and v = zvz(x); steady-state and laminar flow;
constant k and no viscous heating

Equation of change for temperature (equation of energy):

T
C1
x

T C1 x C2

BC1 :

x 0 T T0

BC2 : x T T

C2 T0

C1

2T
0 2
x
T T0

T T0
T
x T0

Temperature distribution
in the nonisothermal film

Example: Steady flow in a

nonisothermal film - 2

1 1
T
exp B
The temperature dependence of viscosity can be written as:
0
T T0
To get viscosity as function of position x and temperature T:
T0 T
x, T
exp B
0
TT0

T T0
T
x T0

To approximate viscosity as function of position x alone, we can say T T in the above

equation if temperature does not change greatly through the film:
T0 T
x, T
exp B
0
TT0

T T
x
exp B 0
0
T T0

T0 T
x
x

exp B
0

T T0

x
1 1

exp B

T T0

x


x

x

0 0

Example: Steady flow in a

nonisothermal film - 3
Our results earlier (via shell
momentum balance and
equations of change
(continuity and motion))

xz gx cos
g

dvz
cos xdx

This is the differential

equation that will give the
velocity profile in the flowing
nonisothermal film.

dvz
cos
0
0
BC : x vz 0

xdx

x 0
0

Example: Steady flow in a

nonisothermal film - 4
g
x
dvz
cos e xdx
0

BC : x vz 0

A similar problem in Example 2.2-2

Falling Film with Variable Viscosity
(p. 47, BSL 2nd Ed.)

g 2 cos
vz
0
If = -ln (/ 0)

1 1 x x
1
2
e 2 e

dvz
cos
0
0
BC : x vz 0

g cos

vz
0 ln 0

xdx

1 x ln 0 1 ln 0

x
0
0

Final notes before going

to the next topic
The equations of continuity and motion allow us to
determine the pressure, shear stress, and velocity
profiles.
The equation of energy (equation of change for
temperature) gives us the temperature profile.
The equation of change for temperature can also be used
to solve heat problems that we have discussed in the
shell heat balances.
Complete solution to a problem shows dependency of
solution to space and time. What we usually offer as a
solution is not complete but simplified based on our
postulates.

Chapter 19 of BSL 2nd ed

EQUATIONS OF CHANGE FOR

MULTICOMPONENT SYSTEMS

What we have covered so far

Derivation of equation of continuity (conservation of mass)
and equation of motion (conservation of momentum) for
isothermal, single component fluid systems; Generalized
Newtons Law of Viscosity; Simplification and application to
problems
Derivation of equation of energy in terms of temperature
(conservation of energy) for nonisothermal, single component
fluid systems; Viscous dissipation heating term; Simplification
and set up of problems
Equations of change for isothermal and nonisothermal,
multicomponent systems??

Review of variables for mass transport

j A DAB

d A
dy

j A DAB A

molecular mass flux

J cD AB

dx A
dy

J A* cDAB x A

molecular molar flux

v A v A B vB

Av

convective mass flux

v * x A v A xB vB

c Av*

convective molar flux

*
A

nA AvA j A Av DAB A Av
N A cAvA J A* cAv* cDAB xA cAv*

combined mass flux

combined molar flux

The Equation of Continuity for a

Multicomponent Mixture
Apply conservation of mass to each species in a mixture of
N components ( = 1, 2, N). Let r be the rate of production
of species (mass/volume-time).
Rate of increase of mass
of in the volume
element:

Rate of addition of mass

of across face at x
Rate of production of
mass of by chemical
reactions

yz nx

xyz t

Rate of removal of mass

of across face at x+x

xyzr
xyz

nx ny nz

t
y
z
x

yz nx

x x

yz nx x nx x x
t
zx ny ny

y y

xy nz z nz z z xyzr

The Equation of Continuity for a

Multicomponent Mixture - 2
nx ny nz

r Equation of continuity for species

= 1, 2, N
t
y
z
x
n j v

n r
t
If we add all equations from = 1, 2, N, well get:

v j r
t
Rate of
increase of
mass of
per unit
volume

Net rate of
addition of
mass of
per unit
volume by
convection

Net rate of
addition of
mass of
per unit
volume by
diffusion

Net rate of
production
of mass of
per unit
volume by
reaction

v
t
Equation of continuity for the mixture

v 0
For a fluid mixture of constant mass density:

The Equation of Continuity for a Multicomponent

Mixture from mass units to molar units

n r
t

N J c v

c
N R
t
c
c v J R
t

Rate of
increase of
moles of
per unit
volume

Net rate of
addition of
moles of
per unit
volume by
convection

Net rate of Net rate of

addition of production
moles of of moles
per unit
of per
volume by
unit
diffusion volume by
reaction

If we add all equations from = 1, 2, N, well get:

N
c

cv R
t
1

Equation of continuity for the mixture

For a fluid mixture of constant molar density:

1 N
v R
c 1

The Equation of Continuity for a Multicomponent

Mixture mass and molar fractions

v j r
t

c
c v J R
t

Equation of continuity for species

= 1, 2, N in mass units

Equation of continuity for species

= 1, 2, N in molar units

v j r
t

Equation of continuity for species

= 1, 2, N in mass fraction

N
x

c
v x J R x R
t

Equation of continuity for species

= 1, 2, N in molar fraction

Simplifications of the Equation of Continuity for

a Multicomponent Mixture
Binary systems with constant DAB

v j r
t

j A DAB A
Binary systems with constant cDAB
N
x

c
v x J R x R
t

J cDAB x A

v A DAB 2 A rA
t

Diffusion in dilute liquid solutions at constant

temperature and pressure
x

c A v x A cDAB 2 x A xB RA x A RB
t

Diffusion in low-density gases at constant

temperature and pressure

Binary systems with constant cDAB ,with zero velocity, and no reaction
x

c A v x A cDAB 2 x A xB RA x A RB
t

c A
DAB 2c A
t

Ficks 2nd Law of Diffusion

Diffusion equation
Diffusion in solids or
stationary liquids

See Appendix B for full list of equation of

continuity for a multicomponent mixture

See Appendix B for full list of equation of

continuity for a multicomponent mixture

Notes before solving some

examples
The derived equation of continuity for a
multicomponent mixture is applicable for
isothermal/nonisothermal problems.
We can use it to solve mass transport
problems instead of using the shell mass
balance approach.
We still have the equation of motion and the
equation of energy for multicomponent
mixture systems.

Example: Diffusion Through a

Stagnant Gas Film
Steady-state diffusion of A
through stagnant gas B with
the liquid-vapor interface
maintained at a fixed
position

Find the distribution profile

of combined molar flux NAz
and molar fraction
concentration xA in the
problem using the equation
of continuity for
multicomponent mixture.

Example: Diffusion Through a

Stagnant Gas Film - 2
Write your postulates.
- The combined molar flux NAz and molar fraction
concentration xA are only a function of z (NA = zNA(z)
and xA = xA(z)); 1D problem
- A has velocity components in the z direction only; B
is stagnant (v* = vA = vz )
- No reaction
- Steady-state
- Constant molar density and DAB

Example: Diffusion Through a

Stagnant Gas Film - 3

2
J Ax
J Ay
x A
x A
x A
x A
J Az

c
vx
vy
vz

RA x A R
x
y
z
y
z
1
x
t

Example: Diffusion Through a

Stagnant Gas Film - 4

2
J Ax
J Ay
x A
x A
x A
x A
J Az

c
vx
vy
vz

RA x A R
x
y
z
y
z
1
x
t

x A
J Az
cv z

z
z

N Az c A v J Az

cD AB dx A
1 x A dz

c A v J Az
0
z

J Az

cx A v
z
z

x A N Az N Bz cD AB x A

convection

Constant
distribution of
molar flux

N Az C1

d cD AB dx A

0
dz 1 x A dz

molecular
diffusion

N Az 0
z

We arrived to
this equation
during our
discussion in
shell mass
balances!

We solved this last time.

Review the boundary
conditions and the technique
to solve this.

Example: Diffusion With a

Homogeneous Chemical Reaction
A dissolves in liquid B in a
beaker and diffuses
isothermally into the liquid
phase. A undergoes an
irreversible first order
homogeneous reaction:
A + B AB
Rate of chemical
decomposition of A is k1cA

Set up the differential equation that would determine the

concentration profile of A in the given problem.

Example: Diffusion With a

Homogeneous Chemical Reaction - 2
Write your postulates.
- Binary solution of A and B; ignore small amount of
AB that is present (pseudobinary assumption)
- Rate of decomposition of B and production of AB
negligible
- Concentration of A is small; function of z
- Total molar concentration c and diffusion coefficient
DAB are uniform and constant
- Diffusion of A in stationary liquid B

Example: Diffusion With a

Homogeneous Chemical Reaction - 3

3
2 xA 2 xA 2 xA
x A
x A
x A
x A
cDAB 2 2 2 RA x A R
c
vx
vy
vz
x
y
z
y
z
1
t
x

2 xA 2 xA 2 xA
x A
x A
x A
x A
cDAB 2 2 2 RA x A RA RB RAB
c
vx
vy
vz

z
y
z

Example: Diffusion With a

Homogeneous Chemical Reaction - 3
2 xA 2 xA 2 xA
x A
x A
x A
x A
cDAB 2 2 2 RA x A RA RB RAB
c
vx
vy
vz

z
y
z

0 cD AB

2 xA
RA
2
z

2c A
DAB
k1c A 0
z 2
BC1 : z 0 c A c A0
BC2 : z L N Az 0 or dc A

We arrived to this same

mathematical problem
formulation last time in our
discussion of shell mass
balances. Review your
dz 0
notes/textbook for the
solution of this.

Summary of the Multicomponent

Equations of Change

Equation of continuity: = 1, 2, , N
Equation of motion: 3 components (e.g. x, y, and z)
Equation of energy: single equation

Summary of the Multicomponent

Equations of Change - 2

These are the expressions need to be substituted to

multicomponent equations of change in Table 19.2-1.

Summary of the Multicomponent

Equations of Change - 3

For example on nonisothermal binary mixtures, see Example

19.4-1 Simultaneous Heat and Mass Transport.