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1.1
In 1397, after the Black Death and domestic power struggles, Queen Margaret I of Denmark united Sweden, Denmark and Norway (then including Finland and Iceland)
in the Union of Kalmar with the approval of the Swedish
nobility. Continual tension within each country and the
union led to open conict between the Swedes and the
Danes in the 15th century. The unions nal disintegrakunuki, i.e. konungi, the dative case for Old Norse konungr tion in the early 16th century led to prolonged rivalry be(king). A runic inscription of the 11th century (U11) refers to tween Denmark-Norway and Sweden (with Finland) for
King Hkan the Red.
1 HISTORY
centuries to come.
1.2
1.2
3
man conquests (Bremen-Verden and Swedish Pomerania)
that were made.[n 7] After having decided not to get married, Christina abdicated the throne on 5 June 1654, in
favor of her cousin Charles Gustav[n 8] , went abroad and
converted to Roman Catholicism.
1 HISTORY
1.3
Crown Prince Charles John at the Battle of Leipzig (1813). Painting by Fredric Westin.
The 1720 Instrument in Government was later replaced When King Gustav V publicly objected to the defence
by the 1772 Instrument of Government in a self-coup or- budget cuts made by Prime Minister Karl Staaf and the
chestrated by King Gustav III.
cabinet just before the First World War in event known as
On 17 September 1809 in the Treaty of Fredrikshamn, as the Courtyard Crisis accompanied by the Peasant armaa result of the poorly managed Finnish war, Sweden had ment support march (Swedish: bondetget), it was seen as
to surrender the eastern half of Sweden to Russia. King a deliberate provocation by conservatives and reactionarGustav IV Adolf and his descendants were deposed in a ies against the uncodied norm of a parliamentary syscoup d'etat led by dissatised army ocers. The child- tem supported by the liberals and the social democrats,
[16]
less uncle of the former king was almost immediately leading to Staafs resignation. Gustaf V then appointed
elected as King Charles XIII. The Instrument of Govern- a caretaker government, supported by the conservatives,
ment of 1809 put an end to royal absolutism by dividing led by legal scholar Hjalmar Hammarskjld, which rethe legislative power between the Riksdag (primary) and mained in power longer than expected due to the outbreak
the King (secondary), and vested executive power in the of World War I (in which Sweden remained neutral) and
increased defence spending was no longer a controverKing when acting through the Council of State.
sial issue.[17] Nevertheless, in the year of the outbreak
The present Bernadotte dynasty was established in of the Russian revolution, social tensions continued to
September 1810 when the Riksdag, convened in rebro, rise; the general election in 1917 gave the liberals and
elected French Marshal and Prince of Ponte Corvo Jean social democrats greatly strengthened representation in
Baptiste Jules Bernadotte as Crown Prince. This took both Riksdag chambers and a conservative government
place because Charles XIII had no legitimate heir, and was no longer a defensible option.[17] Following the defa Crown Prince previously elected in January 1810, inite breakthrough of parliamentarism in 1917, with the
Charles August, suddenly had died of a stroke during a appointment of the coalition government of liberals and
military exercise.
social democrats led by Professor Nils Edn, the politiAlthough the 19th century Bernadotte monarchs that cal inuence of the King was considerably reduced and
5
an unwritten constitutional precedent was set that would idea of a parliamentary system and promised Prime Minremain in eect until 1975.[18][19]
ister Nils Edn to stop seeking advice from secret advicabinet ministers and
Only during World War II, in the so-called Midsummer sors other than the duly appointed
[29][19]
not
to
interfere
in
politics
again;
the Torekov comcrisis (regarding the issue whether neutral Sweden should
promise,
struck
in
1971
by
the
four
major
parties at the
permit rail transport of German troops from Norway
time,
provided,
and
continues
to
provide,
a
majority
conpassing through to Finland), did Gustaf V allegedly try
sensus
in
Swedish
political
discourse
on
the
role
of
the
to intervene in the political process by threatening to
[21][30][7]
monarchy
within
the
constitutional
framework.
[20]
abdicate.
The ocial motive for the radical changes which came
King Gustaf VI Adolf succeeded his elderly father who to pass in 1975 was for it to be as descriptive as possible
died in 1950, and he is generally regarded as a consti- of the workings of the state and clear on how decisions
tutional monarch who stayed out of politics and con- actually are made.[28] Minister of Justice Lennart Geitroversy. In 1954, a royal commission began work on jer further remarked on the 1973 government bill that
whether Sweden should undergo constitutional reform to any continued pretensions of royal involvement in govadapt the 1809 Instrument of Government to current po- ernment decision making would be of a ctitious nature
litical realities, or whether a new one should be writ- and therefore highly unsatisfactory.[28]
ten; ultimately the latter idea was chosen.[21] The future role of the monarchy was settled in a manner well Thus, the monarch lost all formal executive powa ceremonial and representative
known within Swedish political discourse: a political ers, becoming
[30][31][28]
gurehead.
The monarch, while explicitly
compromise reached at the summer resort Torekov in
referred
to
as
the
Head
of State (Swedish: Statschefen)
1971 (hence known as the Torekov compromise, Swedish:
in
the
1974
Instrument
of
Government[n 12] , is not even
Torekovskompromissen) by representatives of four of the
[n 13][36][23][7]
The Instrument
parties in the Riksdag (the Social Democrats, the Centre the nominal chief executive.
of
Government
of
1974
does
grant
the
person
serving as
Party, the Liberal Peoples Party, and the Moderate Party,
king
or
queen
regnant
absolute
immunity
from
criminal
[n 10][21]
that is all the parties except the Communists).
It
(but
not
civil)
charges
for
as
long
as
he
or
she
remains
in
mandated that the monarchy would remain largely as it
[37][n 14]
oce.
The
monarch
therefore
cannot
be
prosewas but would become entirely ceremonial, without any
cuted or otherwise held to account for his or her actions,
residual political powers left.[21]
both ocial and private, in judicial proceedings.[37]
Following the required double Riksdag votes that took None of the other members of the Royal Family or the
place in 1973 and 1974, a new Instrument of Govern- employees the Royal Court enjoy similar immunity.[37]
ment was brought into eect. The monarchs functions
and duties, as dened in the 1974 Constitution Act, in- At the request of the Speaker of the Riksdag, the monarch
clude heading the special cabinet council held when there opens the annual session of the Riksdag (Swedish:
ppnande) in the chamber of the Riksdag
is a change of government, but no executive powers with Riksmtets
[n 15][39]
building.
The king or queen regnant also rerespect to the governance of the realm are vested in
ceives
Letters
of
Credence of foreign ambassadors sent
[8][7]
him.
to Sweden and signs those of Swedish ambassadors sent
abroad.[8] The monarch also chairs the Cabinet Council (Swedish: skifteskonselj) in a session that establishes
the new government following a general election or ma2 Constitutional and ocial role
jor cabinet reshue and also chairs information councils
(Swedish: informationskonselj) approximately four times
When, on 1 January 1975, it replaced the Instrument a year to get information from the assembled Governof Government of 1809 as part of the Constitution ment, apart from that given by ministers in individual auof Sweden, the Instrument of Government of 1974 diences or through other means.[40][8] Formally, it is the
(Swedish: 1974 rs regeringsform) transformed the ad- explicit responsibility of the prime minister to keep the
visory Council of State (Swedish: Statsrdet) into the monarch informed on the aairs of the realm; the failure
collegial Government (Swedish: Regeringen), to which to do so following the 2004 tsunami disaster in the Indian
all executive power was transferred.[23][24] Responsibil- Ocean (in which many Swedes perished) gave rise to wide
ity for nominating and dismissing the prime minister criticism of Prime Minister Gran Persson for his han(who, since 1975, is elected by the Riksdag) was trans- dling of the matter.[37] The monarch also chairs the Adviferred to the Speaker of the Riksdag and the prime min- sory Council on Foreign Aairs (Swedish: Utrikesnmnister appoints and dismisses the other ministers at his den), a body that enables the government of the day to
or her discretion.[25][26][24][n 11] Further, bills passed by inform not only the head of state, but also the speaker and
the Riksdag become law without royal assent: the prime representatives of the opposition parties in the Riksdag,
minister or any other cabinet minister signs them On on foreign aairs issues in a condential manner.[8][41][40]
Behalf of the Government (Swedish: P regeringens
vgnar).[28] Although the unwritten precedent was set in While the monarch is no longer the commander-in-chief
1917, when Gustaf V had little choice but to support the (Swedish: hgste beflhavare) of the Swedish Armed
Cultural role
The monarch and the members of Royal Family undertake a variety of ocial, unocial and other representative duties within Sweden and abroad. The monarch and
his or her family play a central role in state visits to Sweden and the sovereign conducts state visits to other nations on behalf of Sweden. Other members of the Royal
Family may also represent the country abroad at lesser
functions.
TITLES
of Mora in Uppland and participation was originally restricted to the people of that area; hence, the need of having the election conrmed by the other parts of the realm.
The Eriksgata gradually lost its importance when, as of
the 14th century, representatives of other parts of Sweden began to participate in the election. After 1544, when
hereditary monarchy was instituted, that meant that the
Eriksgata had little practical importance. The last king
to travel the Eriksgata according to the old tradition was
Charles IX, whose reign began in 1604. Later, kings, up
until present times, have made visits to all the Swedish
provinces and called them an Eriksgata, while those visits
bear little resemblance to the medieval tradition.
4 Titles
Many of the ag days in Sweden have direct royal connections; among them are the name days of the King (28 January), the Queen (8 August), and the Crown Princess (12
March); the birthdays of the King (30 April), the Queen
(23 December), and the Crown Princess (14 July); and
Gustavus Adolphus Day (Swedish: Gustav Adolfsdagen),
on November 6, in memory of King Gustavus Adolphus,
who was killed on that date (old style) in 1632 in the
Battle of Ltzen.[n 16][43][44][45] None of these ag days
are public holidays, however.[n 17]
The Silver Throne, used by all Swedish monarchs from Queen
Christina in 1650 onward
4.3
Ducal
In Latin: Dei Gratia Suecorum, Gothorum et
Vandalorum Rex
4.3 Ducal
Main article: Duchies in Sweden
4.2
Heir apparent
5.2
The Royal Palaces (including the Royal Palace in Stockholm, Drottningholm Palace, Haga Palace, Rosendal
Palace, Ulriksdal Palace, Rosersberg Palace, Tullgarn
Palace and Gripsholm Castle) are the property of the
Swedish state, managed by the National Property Board
(Swedish: Statens fastighetsverk) and are at the disposal
of the Monarch, an arrangement that has been in place
since the beginning of the 19th century.[53][54] In addition, there are also residences which are held privately by
the Royal Family, such as Solliden Palace on the island
of land, a cottage in Storlien in the Jmtland and Villa
Mirage in Sainte-Maxime in southern France (originally
acquired by Prince Bertil).[55]
5.3
Royal residences
tourist attraction.[2]
The gardens and park areas surrounding Drottningholm
Palace and adjacent to its buildings are one of the main
attractions for the tourists that visit the palace each
year. The gardens have been established in stages since
the palace was rst built, resulting in many dierent
styles.[57]
The royal domain of Drottningholm is a well preserved
milieu from the 17th and 18th centuries, inspired by
French buildings such as the Chateau of Versailles, and is
a UNESCO World Heritage Site, principally because of
the Drottningholm Palace Theatre and the Chinese Pavilion at Drottningholm. It was added to the World Heritage
List in 1991.[58]
5.3.3 Haga Palace
Main article: Haga Palace
Haga Palace (Swedish: Haga slott), formerly known
Drottningholm Palace
as the Queens Pavilion (Swedish: Drottningens paviljong), is located in the Haga Park, Solna Municipality
in Metropolitan Stockholm. The palace, built between
1802 1805, was modelled after balletmaster Louis Gallodier's Italian villa at Drottningholm by architect Carl
10
7 SEE ALSO
A rewrite of the Act, entering into force in 1980, fundamentally changed the rules of succession from agnatic primogeniture to absolute primogeniture.[64] This allowed
for the crown to pass to the eldest child regardless of gender and thus retroactively installed Princess Victoria as
In April 2009, it was announced by Prime Minister Crown Princess (heir apparent) over her younger brother
Fredrik Reinfeldt that the rights of disposal of the palace Prince Carl Philip who had been born as Crown Prince.
would be transferred back to the King and thus could be In its present reading, Article 1 of the Act of Succession
used by Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden, and her limits the potential number of claimants to the throne, so
husband, Prince Daniel, Duke of Vstergtland.[60] They that only the descendants of Carl XVI Gustaf can inherit
moved into the palace in the autumn after their wedding the Throne.[65][64] If the royal house were to be extinct,
on 19 June 2010.[61]
the Riksdag is not obligated to elect a new royal house,
Royal Family
7 See also
However, in any case, there is no legislation or other public document which delineates the rules of membership
in either the Royal House or Royal Family, as it is left to
the sole discretion of the King.
6.1
[2] The powers of the king were originally regulated by a section of the written legal code called Konungabalk (English:
Kings partition) from medieval times until 1734, when a
new law code of Sweden was adopted and that section was
removed. The new law code of Sweden was adopted after
a long period of inquiries by royal commissions since the
days of Charles IX (late 16th/early 17th century)
[3] No regnal numberjust Sigismundis used when referring to Sigismund III Vasa as King of Sweden.
The Act of Succession of 1810 provides the rules governing the line of succession and designates the legitimate heirs to the Swedish Throne; it also states in article
7.2
References
11
7.2 References
[1] The Royal Palace of Stockholm. Royal Court of Sweden. Retrieved 2014-02-23.
[2] Drottningholm Palace. Royal Court of Sweden. Retrieved 2014-02-23.
12
7 SEE ALSO
[12] Ericson Wolke, Lars; Larsson, Villstrand. Historiska Media, ed. Trettioriga kriget (in Swedish). pp. 145148.
ISBN 91-85377-37-6.
[14] Prinz, Oliver C. (2005). Der Einuss von Heeresverfassung und Soldatenbild auf die Entwicklung des Militrstrafrechts.
Osnabrcker Schriften zur Rechtsgeschichte (in German) 7. Osnabrck: V&R unipress.
pp. 4041. ISBN 3-89971-129-7. Referring to Kroener,
Bernhard R. (1993). Militrgeschichte des Mittelalters
und der frhen Neuzeit bis 1648. Vom Lehnskrieger
zum Sldner. In Neugebauer, Karl-Volker. Grundzge
der deutschen Militrgeschichte (in German) 1. Freiburg:
Rombach. p. 32.
[15] Larsson & Bck: pp. 66-67.
[16] Larsson & Bck: pp. 67-68.
[17] Larsson & Bck: pp. 68-69.
[18] Larsson & Bck: pp. 66-69.
[19] Lewin: pp. 112-115.
[20] Larsson & Bck: p. 72.
[21] Torbjrn Bergman (1999). Trade-os in Swedish Constitutional design: The Monarchy Under Challenge. In
Wolfgang C. Mller and Kaare Strm, eds., Policy? Ofce?, or Votes? How Political Parties Make Hard Choices.
Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-63723-6.
[22] Monarken utan formell makt efter Torekovskompromissen. Sveriges Radio (in Swedish). 23 February 2012. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
[23] Nergelius: pp. 15-16.
[24] Nergelius: pp. 33-34.
13
Statens
8 External links
14
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Text
9.2
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9.3
Content license
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