Written by: - SHAHZAD IFTIKHAR Contact # 0313-7891989, 0333-5319544

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CHEMISTRY FOR 9TH CLASS (UNIT # 3)
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Read Instructions before study:
Bullet means you have to write the answer in paragraph shape and you could not change
the sequence. Bullets are used only for your ease.
i) Roman numbered, question may be written as it is. However sequence can be changed.
*** This item should not be written in answer. It is just a hint for you.
Pay more attention on the bold text in answers.
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THEORY
>> Question: who first of all proposed the concept of atoms?
Greek philosophers proposed the atomic concept first time.
>> Question: Describe the Daltons Atomic Theory? Also write its defects.
This theory was presented by John Dalton a British chemist about the structure of
an atom. The basic postulates of this theory are as under: i)
All elements are made up of atoms. Atoms are so small that they cannot
be further divided. An atom can neither be destroyed nor be
formed.
ii)
Atoms of an element are similar. They have same properties.
iii)
Atoms of different elements combine in a definite simple ratio to form
compounds.
Defects: This theory of has following defects: i)
The first two postulates of this theory were modified with the discovery of
isotopes and the sub atomic particles of an atom.
ii)
According to modern research, an atom can be broken and energy can be
obtained.
>> Question: What is discharge tube?
It is a glass tube containing gas at very low pressure. It has electrodes to study the
passage of electricity in gas.
>> Question: What do you know about the cathode rays? Write a note on
discovery of Electron?
In 1879, Sir William Crooks performed experiments. He used discharge tube for
these experiments.
When he passed electric current through discharge tube at very low pressure,
shinning rays emitted from cathode. These rays have following characteristics: i)
These rays are emitted perpendicular to the cathode.
ii)
Shadow made of an opaque object, if placed in their path.
iii)
These particles are deflected towards positive pole in an electric field.
iv)
Light is produced when these particles hit the surface of discharge tube.
v)
Later on these particles were given the name of electron.
vi)
The mass of an electron is about 1/1840 times the mass of hydrogen atom.
vii) Each electron carries a charge of -1.602 x 10-19 Coulomb.
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Written by: - SHAHZAD IFTIKHAR Contact # 0313-7891989, 0333-5319544

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CHEMISTRY FOR 9TH CLASS (UNIT # 3)
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>> Question: What is the modern concept about electron? OR Write the dual
nature of electron?
According to modern concept electron is considered as particle as well as wave.
>> Question: What do you know about the discovery of Proton?
In 1886, Goldstein observed that in addition to the cathode rays, other rays are
also present which traveled in opposite direction to the cathode rays. These rays are
known as positive rays. These rays have following characteristics: i)
These rays carry positive charge.
ii)
Mass of these particles is same as that of an atom.
iii)
These rays travel in opposite direction to that of cathode rays in
discharge tube.
iv)
These rays deflected towards the negative pole in an electric field.
v)
Later on these particles are given the name of proton.
>>Question: Define Electron, Proton and Neutron?
Electron:
i)
It is smallest negatively charged particle.
ii)
It is present in all atoms.
iii)
Its mass is 9.1095x1031 Kg.
iv)
It carries a charge -1.602x1019 C.
v)
It was discovered by J.J. Thomson
Proton:
i)
It is smallest positively charged particle.
ii)
In the present in the nucleus of an atom.
iii)
It mass is equal to nucleus of Hydrogen.
iv)
It was discovered by Goldstein.
Neutron:
i)
It is the smallest neutral particle.
ii)
It is present in the nucleus of an atom.
iii)
Its mass is slightly more than mass of proton.
iv)
It was discovered by Chadwick.
>>Define Natural Radioactivity? Also write the characteristics of the rays
emitted in this process.
In 1896 Henri Bequerel discovered that some elements like uranium emit certain
rays which can cause fogging on the photographic plate. These rays are called
radioactive rays. Substance that is producing these rays called radioactive
substance and this phenomenon is known as natural radioactivity. Uptil now 40
radioactive elements have been discovered.
() Alpha Rays: i)
They carry +2 charge.
ii)
Their speed is about 1/10th of the speed of the light.
iii)
They cannot pass through a thick metal foil.
iv)
These rays bend towards negative pole through an electric or
magnetic field.
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Written by: - SHAHZAD IFTIKHAR Contact # 0313-7891989, 0333-5319544

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CHEMISTRY FOR 9TH CLASS (UNIT # 3)
============================================================

() Beta Rays: i)
These rays bend towards positive pole through an electric or magnetic
field.
ii)
They travel with the speed of light.
iii)
Ions are produced when these rays pass through air or a gas.
() Gamma Rays: i)
These are electromagnetic in nature and are photons of light.
ii)
They travel with the speed of light.
iii)
They do not carry any charge.
iv)
They can also ionize air or a gas.
>> Question: What are alpha particles?
They are positively charged particles emitted form radioactive substance. They carry
two positive charge.
>> Question: What are beta particles?
They are electrons emitted form radioactive substance. They carry two positive
charge.
>> Question: Define Artificial Radioactivity?
The radioactivity induced by bombardment of alpha particles with a stable atom is
called artificial radioactivity.
>>Question: What is transmutation?
In 20th Century, scientists observe that chemical properties of an atom changes
on emission of rays. During the emission atom can be converted into another atom.
This process is called Transmutation.
>> Question: What do you know about the Rutherfords experiment & Model
and discovery of nucleus? Also write its defects.
Experiment:
In 1911, Lord Rutherford and his co-workers pass a beam of alpha particles
through a thin gold foil. They observe that most of the particles passed undeflected. But a few particles are deflected at large angles.
From this experiment they drew the following conclusion.
i)
Most of the space in atom is empty.
ii)
Huge deflection of some particles at 150o shows that atom must have
any solid part which was named as nucleus.
Atomic Model:
In view of his experiment Rutherford presented his following model about an atom.
i)
An atom is a neutral particle.
ii)
A positively charged nucleus is present in the center of all atoms.
iii)
Electrons revolve around the nucleus.
iv)
The size of an atom depends upon the size of its outermost orbit.
v)
This model resemble with our solar system.
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Written by: - SHAHZAD IFTIKHAR Contact # 0313-7891989, 0333-5319544

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CHEMISTRY FOR 9TH CLASS (UNIT # 3)
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Defects:
The Rutherfords atomic theory has the following defect: i)
As per classical electromagnetic theory, revolving electron decreases
its energy and at last it should fall into the nucleus.
ii)
This theory could not explain the atomic spectrum.
>>Question: Describe the Bohrs Atomic Model?
In 1913 Neil Bohr presented his atomic theory. He gave solution of problems
present in the Rutherfords atomic model. The postulates of Bohrs atomic model are
given below: i)
An electron can revolve around the nucleus in fixed orbit. These orbits
are also called shells.
ii)
As long as the electron is moving in a fixed orbit, its energy remains
constant.
iii)
Electron emits energy when it jumps towards low energy orbit.
iv)
Electron absorbs energy when it jumps towards high energy orbit.
>> Question: Give Sommerfeld atomic model?
According to the Bohrs atomic model the orbit is circular but German scientist
Sommerfeld said that orbits are not circular rather these are elliptical. He proved it
also.
>> Question: What is plum pudding model?
This model is presented by J.J. Thomson in 1904. According to him an atom is like
a positively charged ball studded with negatively charged electrons at some places.
>> Question: Define Atomic Spectrum?
Spectrum of radiations emitted by an atom when they come to the normal state.
>> Question: Explain Atomic and Mass Numbers of an element?
Atomic Number:
Number of protons present in the nucleus of an atom is called atomic number. It is
represented by Z.
Mass Number:
Total number of protons and neutrons present in the atom is called mass
number. It is represented by A.
>> Question: What are isotopes? Write the isotopes of hydrogen?
Atoms of an element having the same atomic number but different mass
number. Three Isotopes of hydrogen are:
i)
Protium (1H1)
ii)
Deuterium (1H2)
iii)
Tritium (1H3)

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Written by: - SHAHZAD IFTIKHAR Contact # 0313-7891989, 0333-5319544

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CHEMISTRY FOR 9TH CLASS (UNIT # 3)
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Question: Give isotopes of oxygen, chlorine and Uranium?

Isotopes of Oxygen
16
17
18
8O , 8O , 8O .
Isotopes of Chlorine
35
37
17Cl , 17Cl
Isotopes of Uranium
234
, 92U235, 92U238
92U
>> Question: What is light water and heavy water?
Water formed by the light hydrogen isotope is called light water i.e. H2O. While water
formed with heavy isotope Deuterium is called heavy water. Its formula is D2O.
>> Question: Define mono isotopic elements with examples?
Elements having only one isotope called mono isotopic. They are 20 in numbers.
Examples are Sodium, Aluminum etc.
>> Question: Define the following terms?
Orbit: The circular path of an electron around the nucleus.
Nucleus: Central part of an atom in which whole mass is concentrated.
Cathode Rays: The rays, which emitted from cathode in discharge tube.
Positive Rays: Rays produced in the discharge tube, which are traveling in a direction opposite to the
cathode rays.
>> Question: What is about the energy of orbits around the nucleus?
Energy of the level nearest the nucleus is least. Outside this level higher energy levels
are present.
>> How can one find maximum number of electrons in orbits?
Maximum number of electrons in orbits can be calculated from formula 2n2.
>> Question: Define the Afbau Principal?
Electrons always enter in the lower energy orbits first. The orbits of every shall can
be arrange din the increasing order of their energies. This is called Afbau Principal.
>> Define shell, sub shell and types of sub shells?
Orbit of an electrons is called shell. Each shell has further divided into sub energy
levels in it. These sub energy levels are called sub shells. There are four sub shells:
i)
s sub shell. It contain maximum 2 electrons.
ii)
p sub shell. It contain maximum 6 electrons.
iii)
d sub shell. It contain maximum 10 electrons.
iv)
f sub shell. It contain maximum 14 electrons.
There order is [ s < p < d < f ]
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Written by: - SHAHZAD IFTIKHAR Contact # 0313-7891989, 0333-5319544

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CHEMISTRY FOR 9TH CLASS (UNIT # 3)
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TEST ITEMS
1.

Find out the number of electrons, protons and neutrons if an element

having atomic number 26 and mass number equal to 56.
Electrons =
26
Protons
=
26
Neutrons =
56-26=
30

2.

Why mass number is different?

Because number of neutrons are different from protons and electrons. While
electrons and protons always equal in any element.

3.

Electronic Configuration
*** Do with the help of teacher. OR from book.

4.

Which fundamental particle has minimum mass?

Electron
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More works/Tasks:
Do Exercise from your Book.
Do Objectives from book & from any other objective book.
Do Numerical with the help of your teacher.
Do Interesting Information from book.
Do Scientific Reasons with the help of teacher.

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