Rotor-Ground-Fault

Protection
The year of Profitable Growth

Global network of innovation

Power Transmission and Distribution

Power Automation
Progress. Its that simple.

Generator Protection
Rotor-Ground-Fault Protection

Presenter: Dr. Hans-Joachim Herrmann

PTD PA13
Phone +49 911 433 8266
E-Mail: Hans-Joachim.Herrmann@siemens.com

Power Automation

Power Transmission and Distribution

Requirement for Rotor Ground Fault Protection

Power Automation
Progress. Its that simple.

Rotor

Excitation
system

Ground fault in the rotor

Stator

RE
?

CE

in case of a ground fault, only small currents flow due to the galvanic isolation

Problem:
Double ground faults and interturn faults as a consequence of an ground fault cause:
magnetically unbalance (unbalanced forces; violent vibration)
high currents at the fault location

Destruction of the Rotor (Generator)

Task: Detection a ground fault already when it starts to build up

Power Automation

Power Transmission and Distribution

Protection Principle
Power Automation
Progress. Its that simple.

+
Excitation
system

Coupling
Unit

Measuring

Voltage
Source

Grounding brush

Principles:
- Incoupling of an AC voltage (50 Hz or 60 Hz)
- Measuring of the ground fault current
- Measuring of the ground fault resistance

Higher
Sensitivity

- Incoupling of low frequency square wave voltage

Power Automation

Power Transmission and Distribution

Ground Current Criterion

Principle (50 Hz/60Hz - Voltage Injection)
Power Automation
Progress. Its that simple.

Connection
on the grounding
brush

L1 L2 L3

>40V

105?
IG,Distr.

IG,Fault

4? F

IE

If disturbance influence from the excitation is too large

Pick-up limit:
IG,Fault > IG,Dist...

0,75H
Coordinated
resonant circuit to fN

Protection

Power Automation

Power Transmission and Distribution

Ground Current Measurement

Connection
Power Automation
Progress. Its that simple.

Connection on the
phase to phase
voltage

AC Voltage
Source
appr. 42V or
65V

100 V - 125 V AC

105?

Err.

1A3
7XR61 1A1
2B1
4A1

3PP1336
4B1

7UM6

Also IEE2
at 7UM62
is
possible
J7
J8

IEE1

1B3
1B1

105?

External resistors
at excitation voltages
> 150 V (circulating current >0,2A)

Documentation for Coupling Device in the Internet

www.siprotec.com
Power Automation

Power Transmission and Distribution

Gain Characteristic of the R, C, L-Circuit

Power Automation
Progress. Its that simple.

Z( 50) ? 169.65

Filterverhalten Bandpa

2000

Impedanz in
in Ohm
Impedance
Ohm

Z( 60) ? 69.531

1500

Z( f )
1000

500

50

100

150

200

250

300

f
Frequenz in Hz

Frequency in Hz

I ?
I ?

V
ZCoupling ? R f
45 V
? 27mA
170? ? 1,5 k?

Imax approx. 300 mA

Power Automation

Power Transmission and Distribution

Ground Current Criterion

Protection Settings
Power Automation
Progress. Its that simple.

Measuring circuit supervision

Protection with two stages:
I ?
I ?

V
ZCoupling ? R f

ZCouplingl(50Hz) = 400?

45 V
? 23mA
400? ? 1,5 k?

ZCouplingl(60Hz) = 335?

Imax approx. 100 mA

(voltage source decreases a little bit )

Note: Coupling impedance only with R and C

Finally setting during commissioning
Power Automation

Power Transmission and Distribution

Ground Current Criterion

Logic
Power Automation
Progress. Its that simple.

Power Automation

Power Transmission and Distribution

Calculation of the Ground Resistance RE

(50Hz/60Hz- Voltage Injection)
Power Automation
Progress. Its that simple.

L1 L2 L3

100V

RV

RE

CE

Digital
protection
(7UM62)
calculation
of RE

CK
L1)

RV

42V

CK

1) Recommended
at static excitation
with inject harmonics
(3rd harm.; 6th harm.)

Power Automation

10

Power Transmission and Distribution

Calculation Formula of the Ground Resistance RE

Power Automation
Progress. Its that simple.

Model:

X*K

R*V

Zers

(1)

XE

ZMess

RE

2
2
?
RE X E
RE
X E ??
?
Z ers ? R * V ?
? j - X *K ?
2
?
RE ? X E 2 ?
RE 2 ? X E 2
?

(3)

R ? XE
R, ? E

(4)

RE ? X E
X, ?
? I m ?Z? - X * K
2
2
RE ? X E

RE ? X E
2

(2)

Z Mess ? Re ?Z? ? j I m ?Z ?

? RE ?Z ? - R * V

X ,2
?- I m ?Z ? - X * K ? ? R ?Z? - R *
RE ? , ? R , ?
V
e
R
Re ?Z ? - R * V
2

combining (3) and (4):

Note: RV* and XK* are measured during commissioning

Power Automation

11

Power Transmission and Distribution

Ground Fault Resistance Calculation

Logic
Power Automation
Progress. Its that simple.

Power Automation

12

Power Transmission and Distribution

Ground Fault Resistance Calculation

Settings
Power Automation
Progress. Its that simple.

Measured during commissioning

Measuring circuit supervision
Measured current can be influenced by disturbances
Correction during primary test,
(in most case the alarm stage is concerned)
Power Automation

13

Power Transmission and Distribution

Injection of Square Wave Voltage with Low Frequency

Basic Diagram
Power Automation
Progress. Its that simple.

Typical frequency:
1 - 3 Hz

7XR6004

RV

Controlling device
(7XT71)

IE
RV
+

VH

Excitation
-

CE

Vcontrol

RE
RM

RE
RV
VH
RM
CE

Fault resistance
Coupling resistor
Auxiliary supply ( ? 50V)
Measuring shunt resistor
Rotor capacitance

Vmeas.

Digital
Protection
(7UM62)

Measuring
transducer

Power Automation

14

Power Transmission and Distribution

Injection of Square Wave Voltage

Connection Diagram (7UM62)
Power Automation
Progress. Its that simple.

Connection on the
phase to phase
voltage

7UM62

120 V
100 V
110 V
7

7XT71

9
11

40 k?

27

27
25

Exc. 7XR6004

Control voltage

17
-

40 k?

15

Measuring voltage

K13 +
K14

TD1

K15 +

TD2

K16

25

Power Automation

15

Power Transmission and Distribution

Injection of Square Wave Voltage with Low Frequency

Basic Principle
Power Automation
Progress. Its that simple.
50V

Equivalent circuit:

VH

RV
2
CE

t
- 50V

VH

RE

VM

RM
iE

RV
? 20k?
2
RM ? 375 ?
UH ? ? 50V

VM

1,88V

? ? RV ?CE
2

? UM ? 0

RE ? ?
t

UM ? RM ?iE
- 1,88V

RE ? 5k?

VM
0,75V

? UM ~

1
RE
t

- 0,75V

Power Automation

16

Power Transmission and Distribution

Sources of Error and Error Compensation

Power Automation
Progress. Its that simple.

Influence of field voltage and ground fault location

b) Jumps in the field voltage

a) Ground fault location

a change in the field voltage takes

to jumps in the dc-voltage shifting

Shifting of measuring voltage with

a positive or negative dc voltage
VM

VM

Vdc
VM1

VM2

Vdc1
VM1

VM2
VM3

Vdc = dc voltage shifting

? V1 = |VM1 - VM2|
? V2 = |VM2 - VM3|

Solution:
Calculation of the difference voltage
? V = |VM1 - VM2|

Solution:
Block of measuring
at jumps (e.g. ? V1 = ? V2)

VM4

Vdc2

? V3 = |VM3 - VM4|

Power Automation

17

Power Transmission and Distribution

Calculation Formulas
Power Automation
Progress. Its that simple.

CE RE

RV
2

VH
RM

VM

Voltage divider:

RV
? RE ? RM
VH
2
?
VM
RM

?V
?
R
RE ? ?? H - 1?? RM - V
2
?VM ?

Algorithm
Filtering:

VM

V1

1
V1 ?
N
V2

VM : ? ? V : ?

V 1 -V 2
2

Continuity supervision:
Validity requirement
? VI K ? ? VI K ? 1

1 8
otherwise ? V ? ? ? Vk
8 k ?1

1
?i ? 1 v1,i ; V 2 ? N

i?1

v 2,i

Amplitude-log frequency curve: fA = 800 Hz; N = 64

1

G(f)0.1
0.01
0.001
0

30 60 90 120150180210240 270 300

f in Hz

Power Automation

18

Power Transmission and Distribution

Logic Diagram Rotor Ground Fault Protection (1-3Hz)

Power Automation
Progress. Its that simple.

Power Automation

19

Power Transmission and Distribution

Rotor Ground Fault Protection (1-3Hz)

Setting Values
Power Automation
Progress. Its that simple.

Measuring circuit supervision

Advanced parameter
only visible in DIGSI

If the integrated test function is used,

pick-up value of test resistor

Power Automation

20

Power Transmission and Distribution

Connection of the Rotor Ground Fault Protection

Power Automation
Progress. Its that simple.

EM

RW

RE

4F

CE

40k?

(50/60 Hz)

(1 - 3 Hz)

a) rotating diodes
L+

EX-T

4F

UG

RW
L-

b) separate Exciter
(static excitation)

(50/60 Hz)

RE

40k?

(1 - 3 Hz)

CE

Power Automation

21

Power Transmission and Distribution

Generator with Rotating Excitation

Fault Free Condition (Square Wave Principle)
Power Automation
Progress. Its that simple.

Chance of charge of
rotor ground capacitance

Disturbances by the
excitation generator
Power Automation

22

Power Transmission and Distribution

Generator with Rotating Excitation

Test Condition with a Fault Resistor
Power Automation
Progress. Its that simple.

Fault resistor is inverse proportional to the difference voltage

Power Automation

23

Power Transmission and Distribution

Parallel Operation of Rotor Ground Fault Protections

Power Automation
Progress. Its that simple.

50 Hz principle

1- 3 Hz principle
RV;40k?

CK;4F RK;105?

or

7UM61
7UM62
VControl

VMeas.

RV;40k?

RE

7UM62

CK;4F RK;105?

iREF
100V

42V

nur
iREF

uREF

Power Automation

24

Power Transmission and Distribution

Parallel Operation of Rotor Ground Fault Protections

Measurement with the 50/60 Hz Principle
Power Automation
Progress. Its that simple.

Measurement 7UM61 or 7UM62

(RV is grounded for an AC voltage)

Measurement:
measured as a fault resistance

Equivalent circuit:

RK * CK *

RE * : ? RE ll

Case 1:

RV
2
RE ? ?
RE * ?

RE

RV
(20k? )
2

seen from the 7UM6, RV already

is interpreted as a rotor-to-ground
resistance

Case 2:

RV
? 20k?
2

RE ? 5k?
RE * ? 4k?

alarm stage becomes less sensitive

? open brushes can not be find out

Power Automation

25

Power Transmission and Distribution

Parallel Operation of Rotor Ground Fault Protections

Measurement with the Square Wave Principle
Power Automation
Progress. Its that simple.

Measurement 7UM62 (1- 3 Hz)

(CK is grounded for a DC voltage)
Equivalent circuit:
Vmeas
RV
2
?V
2
RM

RE

2CK
(8F)

? seen from the 7UM6:

high rotor capacitance

? capacitors will not be

completely loaded

? alarm stage becomes less sensitive

(approx. 50k? )

? V ~ RE-1
under no-ground-fault conditions
a fault resistance is already measured

? longer measuring time

Power Automation

26