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I sincerely thank Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) for giving us a valuable opportunity
to work with them. This project report is dedicated to all the people, whom we met, took
guidance and gained knowledge from. We are indebted and whole heartedly thankful for the
assistance r e c e i v e d f r o m various individuals in making this training period a wonderful
experience. I w o u l d l i k e t o e x p r e s s m y g r a t i t u d e t o m y c o l l e g e Pandit
Deendayal Petroleum University for giving me the golden opportunity of summer
internship so as to learn the various aspects on practical basis. I am highly thankful and
deeply indebted to Mr. Mohinder Verma Chief Engineer (P) and Mr. B.Seshagiri,
Superintendent Engineer (P), who incessantly guided me till last word of this project report
and provided an estimable guidance.
I am thankful to Shri. Anil Johari, ED, Asset Manager, Ahmedabad Asset for providing us the
opportunity to do a project at Well Services, Ahmedabad Asset.
I would like to express our gratitude to Shri. J. J. Patel, Location Manager, Well Services ONGC Ahmedabad, for providing a schedule so that we were able to learn very effectively.I
would like to thank the installation managers Shri T. Bhiksham (IM), Shri V.T. Patel (IM), Shri
R.P. Saini (IM) for the useful field visits.
Very special thanks to Shri T. Bhiksham (IM) for guiding us throughout the project and sparing
his precious time for us.
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List of Tables
Table (2.1)
Table (2.2)
2|Page
List of Figures
Fig(2.1)
Fig(3.1)
Fig(3.2)
Fig(3.3)
Milling Tools
Gravel Packing
Fig(3.4)
Fig(3.5)
Fig(3.6a)
Fig(3.6b)
Fig(3.6c)
Gas Coning
Water Coning
Zone Transfer
Zone Transfer
Zone Transfer
Fishing Tools
3|Page
Abbreviations
BHP
BHT
BMT
CB
CBM
EOR
ESP
GGS
GLV
GSI
IOR
IPSHEM
LPM
MMT
MNRE
NELP
O+OEG
OEC
OGIP
ONGC
OOIP
PAA
PSU
PV
SEC
SRP
WRG
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
Theory of any subject is important but without its practical knowledge it becomes useless,
particularly for technical students. A technical student cannot become a good engineer without
practical understanding of their branch. Hence summer training provides an opportunity for to
get a better understanding of the working environment. The training helps to understand the
basic concept of the petroleum industry by interacting with experts in industry
Aims & objectives of study : To understand type of jobs in well services.
To understand the different work over jobs carried out in ONGC.
To understand well control process, and to analyze the practices carried out in ONGC.
To understand stimulation jobs, and to analyze the practices carried out in ONGC.
To know the present scenario and probable future practicability of the different work over
practices.
Being future petroleum engineer it will help in acquiring skills, factual knowledge and
techniques required for doing a better and safe job in the field.
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MISSION :
World Class
Abiding commitment to safety, health and environment to enrich quality of community life.
Foster a culture of trust, openness and mutual concern to make working a stimulating and
challenging experience for our people.
Focus on domestic and international oil and gas exploration and production business
opportunities.
Retain dominant position in Indian petroleum sector and enhance India's energy availability."
ONGC is bestowed with the honour of "Maharatna" status by Govt. of India. The Govt. has
announced for providing enhanced function and financial autonomy for the Maharatna
companies to enable them to enhance their competitive edge and attain accelerated growth.
ONGC stepped in to its fifty sixth year on 14th August, 2011.Five Decades of ONGC, nearly
coincides with the second half of the 20th century, The most inventive 100 years that humanity
has seen.
The Journey of ONGC, over these years, has also been a tale of conviction, courage and
commitment, which carried a new independent nation away from efforts to recognize it
economically; a conviction which locked horns with the over-whelming opinion that India has no
trace of oil reserves(except the few in the north-east). The western opinion was so firm , it is
said, a western oil expert challenged that if India can produce oil, he was ready to drink it!
Oil and Gas business is different from other deterministic endeavors. In a broad sense, it
demands exploration and development of the Earth's sub-surface-a region where humankind does
not lives, but feels compelled to explore. But ONGC, led by its visionary leaders, took on the
challenge, to understand the unknown, to produce petroleum, to meet the growing energy of the
developing nation, to strengthen India's economic foundation.
ONGC has established 6 billion tonnes of In-place hydrocarbon reserves with more than 600
discoveries of Oil and gas; in fact, 5 of the producing basins have been discovered by ONGC.
Ultimate reserves are 2.1 Billion Metric Tonnes (BMT) of Oil plus Oil equivalent Gas (O+OEG).
7|Page
It has cumulatively produced 660 million metric tonnes (MMT) of crude and 350 Billion Cubic
Meters (BCM) of Natural Gas, from 115 fields.
Even in the New Exploration Licensing (NELP), ushering in competitive regime In the Indian
petroleum industry, ONGC, belying speculation, has established its competitive edge, by
bagging 51 out of 90 blocks, awarded in the four rounds of competitive bidding of NELP so far (
14 out of 24 blocks in the fourth round). In the two CBM rounds also, ONGC has won 7 out of
the 13 blocks awarded (5 out of 8 blocks in CBM- II).The journey has been long and difficult,
but rewarding. From a small petroleum division within the Geological Survey of India (GS I)-to
Asia 's Best Oil & Gas Company, from a small hired laboratory at Nazz building in Dehradun to having one of the few virtual reality centers of the world.
New business-
8|Page
three state-of-the-art Solar Thermal Engines at the Solar Energy Centre (SEC), Ministry of New
and Renewable Energy (MNRE) campus at Gurgaon and their performance is under evaluation.
ONGC is playing an important role in strengthening the fabric of society. This flagship Company
in India's corporate world has a finely tuned sense of moral responsibility towards the
community of people. Local population is the one, which is benefited as a result of the ONGC
operations in the
region. It generates employment & business opportunities, which in turn improves the overall
economy of the region and the living standards of the community.
ONGC operations provide the necessary boost required for the industrial growth of the region.
The requirement of the physical inputs for ONGC's
operations results in setting of ancillary industries and vendors network, generating a lot of
economic potential.
Oil and gas production ushers an era of growth, many core sector industries like power, fertilizer
and transport, thrive as a natural consequence of the oil and gas availability. Apart from this,
grants in-aid help in building schools and hospitals, villages are adopted and several health and
community welfare programs are organized.
Respect & dignity are the key values that underline the relationship that ONGC has with its
human assets. Conscious about its responsibility for the society ONGC has evolved guidelines
for Socio- Economic Development programs in areas around its operations all over the country
in the fields including:
Education
Health Care and Family Welfare
Community Development
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Everyone who works at ONGC is responsible for protecting the environment, health and safety
of our people and communities worldwide. Its commitment to SHE (safety, health and
environment) performance is an integral part of business, and achieving cost effective solution is
essential for long term success.
The dedication to the causes of environment and safety in ONGC is amply demonstrated by the
fact that a separate institute named Institute of Petroleum Safety, Health and Environment
Management (IPSHEM) had been set up way back in 1989 to deal with these issues.
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HISTORY AT A GLANCE
August 1956
April 1957
September 1958
May 1960
1962
1965
March 1970
November 1973
February 1974
1976
March 1984
1988
1992
June 1993
1998
August 2001
January 2003
March 2003
March 2004
12 | P a g e
ONGC had found out four major basins in Gujarat. They are Ahmedabad, Mehsana, Ankleshwar
and Cambay. There are 2,216 wells in 21 fields are in Ahmedabad asset. ONGC Ahmedabad
Asset is producing since 1961. The first well KALOL#1 was put on 18/04/1961. This Asset has
spread over an area of 6200 sq. Km, Covering 4 districts.
Ahmedabad
Gandhinagar
Kheda
Mehsana.
Oil Industry Safety Directorate (OISD) has selected Ahmedabad Asset and MRPL for the year
2006-07(as number one in Group-4 category (Oil & Gas Assets) and Second in Group-1
Refinery category respectively.
MAIN OPERATING ACTIVITIES
1. Exploration and Exploitation of hydrocarbon to meet committed target of production and
supply.
2. Reservoir Health Management to Optimize Recovery.
3. Well Servicing and minimizing non flowing wells and improving productivity.
4. Health, Safety and Environment Management.
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The Cambay Basin in the Northwest part of the Indian Peninsula is a commercial petroleum
producer from Tertiary sediments resting on the basic lava flows known as Deccan Traps. The
basin is further subdivided into four namely :
Ahmedabad Basin.
Mehsana Basin.
Cambay Basin.
Gandhar/ Ankleshvar Basin.
Cretaceous sediments which underlie the Deccan Traps are exposed in the eastern and western
margins of the basin and are also encountered in the subsurface. The Cambay basin, which is a
rift sag tertiary basin includes six tectonic blocks, the Patan, Mehsana, Ahmedabad, Tarapur,
Broach, and Narmada, separated by faults aligned transverse to the general north-south axis of
the rift.
The basin has three main depression trends along the rift axis: the eastern, the axial, and the
western. In the Cambay basin, oil/gas reservoirs and potential source rocks occur mainly in the
Paleocenemiddle Eocene sequences of the Olpad, Cambay Shale, and Kalol formations.
Although the Cambay basin has been well explored, the oil source genetic relationship is not
well understood because of the multiplicity of depressions, source rocks, and reservoirs. The
Cambay basin oils are presumed to be sourced by the Cambay Shale Formation sedimentary
rocks deposited in a highly reducing marine environment.
The paleogeographic reconstruction of the Cambay Basin suggests that the northern part,
possessing a thin cover of Cretaceous sediments, has meagre petroleum prospects. However, the
southern part of the basin, where more than 1,000 m of Cretaceous sediments were deposited by
two independent drainage systems, may be more lucrative. Suitable facies for generation and
accumulation of petroleum are expected in this part of the basin. The subsurface information
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gathered during exploration for oil and gas in the Cambay basin shows it as a deep graven with 5
km or more of Tertiary and Quaternary sediments resting on the Deccan Trap floor.
The Tarapur Shale Formation, deposited by the end of the early Oligocene (approximately 29
Ma), is the regional seal and overlies the youngest reservoir (the Kalol pays of the Kalol
Formation) in the Cambay basin. Overburden rocks for the Kalol pays were deposited since the
Miocene, after a hiatus of about 4 m.y. following the Tarapur Shales deposition.
THE FIGURE GIVEN ON THE NEXT PAGE SHOWS THE MAJOR STRUCTURAL
ELEMENTS OF CAMBAY BASIN :
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AGE
FORMATION
LITHOLOGY
UPPER MIOCENE
POST KAND
PREDOMINANT
GRANULES,
WITH
SAND
BROKEN SHELL
ALTERNATION
OF
MINOR CLAY
MIDDLE MIOCENE KAND
DOMINANTLY
WITH
CLAY/SHALE
ALTERNATION
OF
SAND
TO
ALTERNATION
EARLY
AND
SHALE
OLIGOCENE
OLYGOCENE
TO TARKESHVAR
LOWER MIOCENE
EARLY
OLIGOCENE
DOMINANTLY
CLAYSTONE
TO
TO CAMBAY SHALE
SHALE
UPPER EOCENE
MIDDLE
LOWER EOCENE
DECCAN
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KAND FORMATION
This consists of clay, kankar and minor sands. At places thin intra formational conglomerates
are present in the sands. This formation is covered by 5-7 m thick lotoritic sand/gavel bed. Rich
miocene fauna has been recovered from this formation. The gross thickness of this unit varies
from 35 to 85 m.
BABAGURU FORMATION
This formation is composed predominantly of sands with subordinate clay and clay stone beds
and occasional shales. The formation is 125 to 270m thick and contains poor faunal assemblage
of Miocene age. This formation is mainly used for effluent disposal.
TARKESHWAR FORMATION
This formation rest discomformably over dadhar unit and it comprises mottles red and gry
claystones, grey shales and poorly sorted sandstones. At places interformational conglomerates
are present in the sandstones. Its thickness over the field is 230 to 400 m and is generally barren
and corresponds to Oligocene to lower Miocene age. Tarkeswar shale mainly act as cap rock.
KALOL FORMATION
Kalol formation overlies cambay shale group and ranges in age from mid Eocene to upper
Eocene. It consists of thick sequence of sands and shales. it also consists of interbedded sand
stone and bio clastic limestones .the bio clastic lime stone is fairly persistent over the field and is
an excellent electric log marker it also serves as very god seismic reflector. Main producer of oil
in Ahmedabad asset is kalol formation. Oil is also obtained from cambay shell and chattral in
some cases.
CAMBAY SHALE
This is composed of gray shales with thin alternative of silty and carbonaceous shale
occasionally sidestic. Barring some lanticular bodies, the sequence does not contain coarse
clastics. Thickness of this unit varies from 130m to 250m., over the field. It is poor to moderately
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fossiliferrous and ranges in age from lower Eocene to mideocene. In the upper part of this unit,
there occurs a persistant resistive band popularly known as Nose Marker. It carries a high
correlative value.
OPERATING FIELDS
Total fields
- 29
- 20
AREA-II
AREA-III
AREA-IV
KALOL
NAWAGAM
JHALORA
LIMBODRA
WADU
AHMEDABAD
SANAND
GAMIJ
PALIYAD
NANDEJ
SOUTH_KADI
HALISA
MOTERA
WASNA
VIRAJ
WAMAJ
SADRA
SOUTH_VIRAJ
ASMALI
ISOLATED
RESOURCES FACILITIES
DRILLING RIGS
:8
WORK-OVER RIGS
: 12
ONGC
HIRED
INSTALLATIONS
:7
:5
: 63
: 28
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: 1 (Kalol)
: 08
:1
RESOURCES WELLS:
TOTAL WELLS DRILLED
2110
EXPLORATORY WELLS
784
DEVELOPMENT WELLS
: 1326
OIL WELLS
: 1303
GAS WELLS
: 45
INJ WELLS
: 277
ABND
: 325
OTHERS
67
93
SELF-FLOWING WELLS
: 13 %
: 87 %
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However, they are also dependent on keeping the well maintained in good working order and
adapting completion properly to the constantly varying conditions prevailing in the reservoir and
around the wellbore.
Well servicing covers all of the operations that can be performed on the well itself with either of
two objectives:
finding out how the status of the well itself or the reservoir is evolving
maintaining or adapting the well to keep the best possible operating conditions.
By "the well itself' we mean the connection between the borehole and the pay zone, its
immediate vicinity and everything that is located in the well up to and including the wellhead.
In addition, it should be remembered that the operations that can or must be done over the field's
lifetime to keep the wells in good working order and profitable are largely influenced by how
well the completion system was chosen.
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The operations that may have to be carried out on a well are numerous and can be broken down
into:
measurements,
maintenance and
workover.
Measurements may involve the
status of equipment,
the quality of the pay zone-borehole connection or
the status of the reservoir in the vicinity of the well.
Maintenance and workover operations mainly affect equipment or
the pay zone-borehole connection.
Maintenance is the relatively simple operations that can be done with the well still producing,i.e.
under pressure, with lightweight means such as wireline units.
In contrast, workover operations entail using heavier means. They may sometimes be caried out
with well under pressure (using a coiled tubing or a snubbing unit for example) but usually
require the well to be "killed" (i.e. placing a control fluid in the well whose hydrostatic pressure
is greater than the reservoir pressure).
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Workover operations are carried out for mainly two reasons such as : Mechanical problems
Reservoir related problems
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Oil production is an expensive affair, hence losing equipments in the bore well increases the cost
further as the retrieval of such an equipment takes time and consequently loses time of the
production, thus other operations come to a halt such as workover operations, production
commencement until the tool {fish} is recovered. The well can become hard to control with
essential tools out of reach, increasing the risk of a blowout.
The key elements of a fishing operation include:Understanding of the dimension of the fish
Nature of the fish to be removed
The well bore conditions
The tools and techniques employed
Pipes, broken pipes, drill collars, bits, bit cones, dropped hand tool, stuck pipe, stuck, packers, or
other junk in the hole are called fish. Some of the tools and techniques employed for retrieval of
such fish are overshot runs, spear runs, wire line fishing etc.
WHAT IS A FISH?
The literal meaning of the fish is any down hole equipment (manometer, packer, logging tools )
which are expensive in and can be re-used in the future Operations, such as: Drill pipes, broken drill pipes, tubings, packers.
WHAT IS JUNK?
The simple meaning is just the smaller fish, which are not that expensive and cannot be re-used
in the future operations, such as: Bit cones, bearings, or other parts lost when a bit breaks.
Broken reamers or stabilizers part.
Metal fragment lost in a twist-off
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Metal fragment produced by milling the top of a fish to aid in its retrieval.
Pieces of hard, crystal or abrasive minerals such as iron pyrites.
FISHING:- Fishing may be described as to the application of special tools for retrieval of
foreign objects inside the well or any undesirable tool, equipment, or other object found in a
cased or uncased well bore that stops or retards operational progress. It can be the result of
Stuck pipe / back off operations.
Any other item left in the well bore. Such as drilling bit, tooth of the drill bit etc. (fishing
for junk).
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The following figure shows diagram of various milling tools used in petroleum industry:
Fig (3.2) Milling Tools
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production, and excessive water production. These types of damage and their causes are
described in the following sections.
This can be further categorized into:
(i) Near-Wellbore Formation Damage
(ii) Sand Production
(iii) Excessive Gas Production
(iv) Excess Water Production (Coning) water shut off by various methods.
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Now, if a well is producing water more than expected rate, then the possible sources of
undesirable water have to be identified. The following are the primary reasons for water
contribution:
perforation in aquifer- there are often water bearing zones near gas or oil bearing zones
and if some perforation are made into a water zone, then this may contribute to water
production.
Water coning
Encroaching oil/water contact: in a producing zone with time the water moves upward to
displace the oil towards the completed well bore.
Channel behind casing can be caused due to poor or damaged cementation behind casing.
Water may flow from one zone to another through these channels behind casing.
Water shutoff by cement squeezing: In this, the present producing interval is squeezed and
plugged off by cement. The hole is then cleared to the desired oil zone interval by drilling and
perforated. Subsequently the well is activated and re-completed.
Water shutoff by polymer: Poly acryl amide polymers are injected at the oil-water interface
zone which absorb on to the rock matrix and remain there as a film that attracts water.
Therefore, all water than passes near this film is slowed by attraction to the polymer. However
oil and gas is repulsed by the polymer and flow through the centre of the pores. In a sense, the
polymer film creates a frictional force for the water to overcome, but it tends to lubricate the
flow of oil and gas through the pores of formation. The procedure is as follows:
Subdue well by workover fluid and pull out production string.
Internal wire catcher trip and scrapper trip for hole cleaning.
Squeeze off the producing interval by cement
Cement drill and clear hole and scrap hole and perforate interval in oil-water interface
zone.
Pump in polymer and seal the interval by cement squeezing.
Drill cement and clear hole till the hole producing interval, scrap and perforate
Activate the well and carry out reservoir study
32 | P a g e
b) Zone Transfer
One of the most common reasons for a workover is to recomplete a well from one zone to
another. Recompletion involves changing the zone from which the hydrocarbons are produced.
Many wells are drilled to intentionally penetrate many zones, but only one zone at a time is
produced. In some wells, lower zones are produced first. When depleted, they are recompleted
(isolated) so that another zone farther up can be produced. As shown in the figure below:
Fig (3.6a) Zone Transfer
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In some cases, higher zones are produced first and then recompleted to shift production to lower
zones; as shown in the figure below:
Fig (3.6b) Zone Transfer
In some recompletions from a lower zone to a higher zone, the workover crew places a cement
plug, bridge plug, or Wireline set plug to isolate the abandoned zone. This helps ensure that the
old perforation is adequately sealed. In a recompletion from a higher to a lower zone where a
plug is not used to isolate the zone, several squeeze cement jobs may be required to isolate the
upper zones and seal the old perforations
The schematic diagram for the same is given on the next page :
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Zonal isolation
In most wells, an extra rat hole (a space below the perforations) is drilled below the lowest
production zone. A rat hole provides clearance to run logging tools, collect produced formation
material, or allow tubing-conveyed perforating guns (TCPs) to fall below the perforations. In
some cases, bridge plugs or Wireline plugs cannot be recovered from the wellbore, so the rathole
provides a space for disposing of these plugs below the lowest-producing level where they will
not affect production.
c) Stimilation
Production in a damaged or low-producing zone can be increased by one or more techniques.
35 | P a g e
The name of some known techniques that are used in the petroleum industry are as follow:
(i) Acid Stimulation
(ii) Hydraulic Fracturing
(iii) Steam Injection
(iv) Water Injection
(v) CO2 Injection
(i) Acid or Solvent Stimulation
Matrix acidizing is a stimulation technique involving injection of acid into the formation rock at
pressures below the level at which the rock will fracture. This technique dissolves away damage
caused by drilling, completion, and workover or well-killing fluids as well as by precipitation of
deposits from produced water. It is also used to etch new channels or pathways for hydrocarbons
near the wellbore.
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is used to treat limestone, dolomite, and other carbonate type rocks,
while hydrofluoric acid (HFl) is used in sandstone reservoirs. A mixture of HCl and HFl called
mud acid is used to dissolve damaging clay deposits. Damage from waxes or asphaltenes in
produced oil can be treated with organic solvents.
etches the rock surfaces, creating an irregular pattern. No proppant is used in an acid frac. When
the earths forces cause the fracture to close, the uneven surface of the frac faces will not match
and a new conduit for oil and gas is formed.
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39 | P a g e
For ESP: Retrieve and repair or replace faulty ESPs and associated motor electrical cable.
For gas lift: Using Wireline, retrieve and repair or replace gas-lift valves that have lost their
functionality. (Damaged gas-lift valves may allow gas to pass straight through the valve with
no restriction because the internal precharge has been lost or because the elastic parts, called
bellows, have lost their resilience.)
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The phases and sequencing of an operation vary of course from one job to another. They mainly
depend on the equipment already installed in the well and the condition it is in. on what needs to
be done and how the operation is going to proceed in practical terms. However the detailed steps
are generally involved.
Carry out necessary civil work required for proper landing of workover rig
Putting the well under safe conditions (before rigging up the servicing or workover unit)
This safety operation in fact also involves all the nearby wells (particularly if the well is in a
cluster) that might be hit when the servicing unit is getting set up. II consists in selling plugs in
the tubing in order to install the servicing unit on the wellhead under optimum safe conditions.
41 | P a g e
using plugs run by wire line and locked in landing nipples in the tubing (generally at the
bottom of the well , near the packer)
The various lines connected to the wellhead on the surface (flowlines, etc,) also have to be
isolated and dismantled and nearby equipment that might be damaged has to be bled off.
Once the well has been placed under safety conditions, the rig and all its equipment (tank,pumps,
workshop, etc,) can be set up in accordance with safety distances, rules and regulations.
However, the Christmas tree is not yet removed to be replaced by the BOPs.
A well is considered to be perfectly killed when tile workover fluid, whose specific gravity is
appropriate for the reservoir pressure, totally fill s up the well (i.e. the inside of the tubing, the
tubing-casing annulus and the space under the packer).
The workover fluid is prepared in sufficient amounts (three times the total volume of the well).
In actual fact the workover fluid is just a completion fluid, since the same properties are required
of it, mainly:
to keep the well under control by its hydrostatic pressure
to carry up cuttings if drilling out or milling is planned
not to damage the formation
no fluid loss in the formation.
42 | P a g e
After the plugs that were set in the tubing to allow the rig to be installed on the wellhead have
been retrieved, the workover fluid is displaced into the well either by circulating or by squeezing.
Then the well's stability is observed. In some cases killing is carried out before the rig is
installed.
Since the workover fluid is keeping the well stable, only one mechanical safety barrier is deemed
necessary (preferably the downhole plug and/or the SCSSV and/of the SPV).
The Christmas tree can then be dismantled at the tubing-head spool and replaced by BOPs which
will be tested. This operation should be completed as quickly as possible. As a result, the
personnel must be mobilized, all the equipment ready, appropriate handling and hoisting
equipment available the wellhead bolts checked, etc.
Pulling Out the downhole equipment can then start, after the SPV (or other plugs that may have
been set in the well) has been retrieved. If there is a kick while tripping, it is necessary to be able
to close quickly not only the annulus (with the BOP tubing rams) but also the tubing itself. The
corresponding safety device (gray valve, etc.) must be on the workover rig floor ready for use
(thread compatible with tubing thread, etc.).
The procedure as such for removing the downhole equipment depends on the type of equipment
and its condition. Particularly important is the type of packer, retrievable or permanent, and if
permanent, the type of connection between the tubing and the packer (seal alone or seal plus
anchor). With a retrievable packer. and especially if there are any doubts as to the condition of
the tubing, it is better not to attempt to unseat the packer by pulling directly on the tubing.
Instead, it is often wise to cut off the tubing a few meters above the packer (by
43 | P a g e
means of an explosive charge run on an electric cable), then to run in drill pipe equipped with an
overshot to unseat the packer.
Furthermore, whatever the killing method, there is always a volume of oil and/or gas trapped
under the packer. It is important to circulate it out as soon as possible (for example after
unseating the retrievable packer or after disconnecting the tubing-packer seal if the packer is
permanent).
Whenever tripping out, care must be taken to avoid swabbing (particularly when the packer is
pulled out) and to keep the well full (offset the volume of tubing steel by an equal volume of
workover fluid), Likewise. the well's stability must frequently be checked.
Downhole operations, recompletion, replacing BOPs by the Christmas tree and start up
The techniques are the same as those used when the well was originally completed and so they
will not be developed here. Note, however, that the bottomhole is usually checked beforehand by
running in a drill string equipped with a drill bit and a scraper.
Moving out the servicing or workover unit
In the same way as for initial completion, the rig can be moved out before or after the well is
brought back on stream. The same safety rules and regulations are complied with (especially
setting plugs).
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Well No
SAN-105
Field
Sanand
Rig Name
VR-32
GGS
EPS
Well Type
Development
Date of Spudding
24/2/1990
Date of Completion
16/3/1990
Ground Level
45.022 m
Kelly Bushing
48.562 m
Drilled Depth
1400 m
1344.9 m
Float Collar
1233.38 m
Casing Policy
2-CP
290.49m
Production Casing(5 )
K-III
Open Interval
Category
BHT
850 C
45 | P a g e
SEQUENCE OF OPERATIONS:
As mentioned earlier, the well was producing from two different intervals. So, to know the root
of the problem it was necessary to check in which zone the problem is. Now there were several
possibilities for that particular case. Maybe both of the reservoirs have been depleted, may be
reservoir pressure was declined further to produce any H/C, maybe production from one zone
was going into another zone.
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To identify the cause, both the zones had to be tested individually. Since both the zones were
producing from the same tubing, to isolate them an R3 packer was installed at 1195.89 m.
And for the communication between tubing and annulus 5 Gas Lift Valves were installed.
GLV1 at 290.32 m, GLV 2 at 503.49 m, GLV3 at 688.42 m, GLV 4 at 846.24 m and GLV5
at 985.53 m.
After the installation of packer and GLVs, injectivities of both the zone were checked and
were found 170 LPM (liters per minute) at 1000 psi for lower zone and 140 LPM at 1500 psi
for the upper zone.
Then compressor was applied through GLVs at 40 ksc (kgs per cm2), but no flow was
observed after waiting for 12 hours.
Again compressor was applied at 37 ksc, but no flow was observed. But at 38 ksc water flow
was observed. And applying compressor at 36 ksc again, presence of air was observed. After
stopping the compressor well was subdued with brine (Sp. Gr. 1.09).
Then X-mas tree was removed and packer was released. GLVs and packer were pulled out.
As the lower zone was tested by isolating upper zone with packer, now to test the upper zone
and isolate the lower zone, a sand plug was injected. And packers and GLVs were installed
again. Yet no traces of oil were been observed.
Compressor was applied again. Up to 24 ksc no flow was observed. Between 24-37 ksc water
flow was observed and at 31 ksc air was observed.
After the application of 2nd and 3rd compressor also, no activity was observed.
Well was subdued by 1.02 Sp. Gr. brine.
Now that no oil traces were found by the application of compressor for several times, it was
decided to reperforate the upper zone and check whether oil starts producing or not.
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observed.So, the reperforation job was successful and completion of both the zones was
carried out and SRP was installed and flow was resumed.
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References
Paper in a Journal
Walker, G., Dotco Fishing Tools : "Fishing"
Hilts, R.L., Otis Engineering Corp.; Fowler Jr., S.H., Halliburton Manufacturing and Services
Ltd.; Pleasants, C.W., Otis Engineering Corp.:"Fishing With Coiled Tubing"
Thomas Lamb, Maryland Shipbuilding & Drydbck Co."Fishing Trawler Economic Study and
Trawler Design"
E. John Northwood, Northwood and Associates, Inc.:"The Generation And Measurement of
Electrical Fields By Fish: Can We Learn From Them?"
Tomas Elander Solli, DNV:"Workover/Well Intervention and Regulatory Challenges"
Liu He, SPE, PetroChina Daqing Oilfield Company Limited; Xiao Dan-feng, SPE, Daqing
Petroleum Institute; and Fan Ke-ming, Jin Li-feng, Pei Tao, and Zhang Shilin, PetroChina
Daqing Oilfield Company Limited:"Successful Acid Stimulation in Acid-sensitive Reservoirs"
Arihara, N., Waseda University; Abbaszadeh, M., Japan National Oil Corporation; Wright, C.A.,
Pinnacle Technologies; Hyodo, M., Geothermal Energy Research and Development Co.,
Ltd.:"Integration of Fracturing Dynamics and Pressure Transient Analysis for Hydraulic Fracture
Evaluation"
Dilip Kumar Sarma*, SPE; Y R L Rao, SPE; B Mandal, SPE; P K Bhargava, SPE ONGC,
Mumbai, India:"Application of Self-Diverting Acid System for Stimulation of Multilayered
Wells in Carbonate Reservoir: A Case Study"
Referred Book
Production Enhancement with Acid Stimulation by Leonard Kalfayan Publisher: Workover Well
Control by Neal Adams, 2nd edition.
ONGC-Workover Operations Onshore Standard Operating Procedures Manual (January 2012)
Well Control for Completion and Workover by Well Control School;ISBN 0-88698-155-7. 1992,
416 pp.
Blowout and Well Control Handbook by Robert D. Grace,Elsevier, 25-Aug-2003 - 469 pages
Material from Web Site
"Workovers" on http://www.lloydminsterheavyoil.com/workover.htm
Well Kill topic on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well_kill
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