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I. INTRODUCTION
One advantage of MOR over RBM and POD is that not only
is a certain number of moments matched, but also projection
space can be found with a single matrix factorization. On the
other hand, one of the key and long-standing problems of MOR
based on moment-matching is finding a reliable criterion for
selecting the order of the reduced model that would guarantee
desired accuracy of the model. Automated model order selection has been available only for certain specific problems
such as
circuits (modeled by first-order systems) and
used conservative a priori model error estimates or heuristic
convergence detection [10]. However, no practical model order
selectors have been proposed for moment-matching-based
MOR of second-order systems used to accelerate computation
of -parameters. Yet, for macromodeling methods based on
RBM and POD, a few a posteriori model error estimators
have been developed for second-order electromagnetic systems
discretized using FEM [7][9], [11]. Their key advantage is
that they all inexpensively compute the model error estimators by exploiting the knowledge of the approximate solution
found using the macromodel. So far, those estimators were
used only in the context of RBM and POD to automate or
optimize selection of frequency points used to generate the
projection basis vectors. However, the discussed estimators
were never applied in moment-matching-based second-order
MOR methods such as SAPOR [12]. The goal of this letter is to
investigate how the available a posteriori error estimators can
be used to automate second-order MOR, and establish which
of the estimators is most effective for the problem of generating reduced-order models used for high-accuracy accelerated
-parameter computations.
II. FORMULATION OF ELECTROMAGNETICS PROBLEMS
TERMS OF SECOND-ORDER SYSTEMS
IN
To introduce MOR, RBM, and POD algorithms, let us consider FEM applied to the vector Helmholtz equation. Dielectrically loaded cavity including ports that excite the electromagnetic field may be described using the following weak E-field
formulation [13], [14]:
(1)
Manuscript received August 22, 2014; accepted October 16, 2014. Date of
publication October 23, 2014; date of current version February 05, 2015. This
work was supported by the under Polish National Science Centre under Agreement #2012/07/B/ST7/01241.
The authors are with the Department of Electronics, Telecommunications and
Informatics, Gdask University of Technology, 80-233 Gdask, Poland (e-mail:
mrewiens@eti.pg.gda.pl).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this letter are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/LAWP.2014.2364849
where
is a volume enclosing the modeled system,
is
a vector testing function,
is the electric field, and are
relative permittivity and permeability, respectively,
is the
wavenumber, is the angular frequency,
is the number of
ports,
is the surface of the th port,
is the number of
modes excited at the th port,
is the amplitude of the th
mode (excited at port ), is a vector normal to surface , and
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383
where
is the residual field due to excitation of mode at
port ,
is the electric field for the th mode for the th port,
and is a port impedance normalization for port . Expanding
the residual field in terms of the vector basis functions [cf. (2)
and (4)] yields
(13)
Using the above gives a matrix formula for the goal function
involving all the ports and all the modes
(14)
(8)
where
is the approximate electric field computed using the reduced-order model (7). (The weights
are
is a diagonal port
where
impedance normalization matrix. Finally, the error estimator is
computed as the normalized goal function
(15)
384
Fig. 3. Values of
in the inset).
and
It can be shown that the above estimator can be evaluated inexpensively by performing computations solely in the reducedorder state space.
IV. MOR WITH AUTOMATED ORDER SELECTION
The a posteriori error estimators presented in Section III have
been originally proposed to guide an algorithm for selecting
frequency points for solution snapshots. They can, however,
be used also as stopping criteria for the model order reduction
process by computing the error estimates over a specified frequency range
and requiring that those estimates do
not exceed a prespecified tolerance.
The entire scheme with automated order selection based on
an arbitrary moment-matching MOR technique and one of the
three fast error estimators outlined in Section III is summarized
in pseudocodes in Figs. 1 and 2.
V. NUMERICAL VERIFICATION OF THE ERROR ESTIMATORS
A series of numerical tests were performed that investigate
the quality of the three different estimators for reduced model
errors presented above. The goals of the tests were to compare
accuracy of the error estimators and to determine the robustness
and usability of the error estimators as automated model order
selectors.
To this end, reduced-order models were generated for a
fourth-order E-plane metal inset WR90 waveguide filter shown
in Fig. 3. The inset lengths equaled 5, 15, 15, 15, and 5 mm. The
inset widths equaled 2 mm. The four waveguides (resonators)
connecting the insets were each 15 mm long. The reference
filter response computed using FEM model is shown in Fig. 3.
In this letter, (block) SAPOR [12] moment-matching MOR
algorithm has been used since it provides a numerically stable
method for generating reduced-order models for second-order
385
VI. CONCLUSION
This letter proposed a method for automated selection of
the model order during MOR process, based on computing
a posteriori error estimates. Three different error estimators, so
far used only in RBM and POD, were considered jointly with
SAPOR reduction algorithm as stopping criteria. Numerical
tests indicate that applying one of the estimators (the goal-oriented estimator) yields a reliable and fully automated model
order selector. It is shown that the proposed automated MOR
approach generates reduced models that very accurately approximate -parameters of the initial system over a prescribed
frequency range. The described automated MOR algorithm
can also be readily extended to systems that include losses.
Finally, the goal-oriented estimator can be easily adapted
to reduction algorithms based on the finite difference method
(e.g., [5] and [6]) and applied in FDTD analysis.
Fig. 5. Estimated and actual absolute maximum error for -parameters versus
order of the used reduced model.
TABLE I
FINAL ORDER OF THE REDUCED MODEL SELECTED BY DIFFERENT
STOPPING CRITERIA. THE REFERENCE OPTIMAL ALGORITHM
USED EXACT -PARAMETER ERROR IN ITS STOPPING CRITERION
graph that while for lower orders of the reduced model, all
three estimates reasonably approximate the actual error, for
higher orders, the estimates (10) and (11) substantially diverge
from the actual error. Only the goal-oriented estimator (15)
consistently follows the actual -parameter error.
This result indicates that error estimates (10) and (11) unfortunately cannot provide robust stopping criteria for the model
order reduction process. Only the estimator (15) can be used to
automate the model order selection. This is confirmed by the results from Table I, which shows the orders of the reduced models
produced by Algorithm 1 for different values of the target tolerance (tol parameter) when different error estimates are applied. As expected, only the goal-oriented estimator provides
a usable stopping criterion for different tolerances, while the
other two estimators lead to false nonconvergence of the MOR
process. The table also shows the order of the reduced model
selected using an optimal model MOR algorithm with stopping criterion based on actual, exact -parameter error. (This
algorithm clearly cannot be used in practice since it requires an
a priori knowledge of the exact solution.) This result confirms
that Algorithm 1 with goal-oriented error estimator yields reduced models of orders that are close to the optimal orders for
the considered test structure and frequency range.
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