Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Project Cycle
1.800.580.3765 WWW.TTECI.COM
Agenda
Basics of Wind Energy
2/4/2011
Module Objectives
Learning Objectives
Understand basics of wind energy. What factors influence amount of
energy produced?
Understand basics of wind turbine generator (WTG). What are the major
components of WTG? What are the new developments?
What are the steps in a wind project lifecycle?
What are the timelines, activities and deliverables?
2/4/2011
2/4/2011
Source: http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/7o.html
PowerinWatts
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Power in wind = A v3
= r2 v3
Units of Power: kiloWatts, mega-Watts, gigaWatts
Energy = Power * Time
Units of energy: kilo-Watt
Hours (kWh), MWh, GWh
10
12
14
16
WindSpeed,m/s
450
400
350
PowerinKW
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0
10
15
20
RadiusofaHAWTinmeters
2/4/2011
2% at 200m
17.8% at 2000m
Thepowerofthewindisconvertedaccording
tothepowercurve(redcurve)
TheCe curve(greencurve)givestheconversion
ratio.Howmuchthewindenergyisconverted
toelectricity
2/4/2011
1.Pitchdrives.2.Rotorthatconnectsbladestomainshaft.3.Mainshaft.4.
Mainbearing.5.Gearbox.6.Yawdrive.7.Diskbrakes.8.Brakehydraulic
system.9.Generator.10.Mainhydraulicsystem.11.Nacelleframe.12.
Yawbrakes.
2/4/2011
No gearbox
Generator size is large in size but lower
speed
Optimal energy capture in a bigger wind
speed range
Full power conversion
No gearbox
Generator size is large in size,
but lower speed
Optimal energy capture in a
bigger wind speed range
2/4/2011
No fuel costs
No variability in cost of
energy production, other
than O&M costs
Revenue to local land
owners with out
substantially altering
land use
Boost to the local
economy during
construction and through
out life of project
Boost to infrastructure
2/4/2011
Zero emissions
Zero water use
Zero mining of fuels
Zero transportation of
fuels
Clean energy
90 to 95% of land can
be used for the original
purpose
10
2/4/2011
Birds/bat fatalities
Visual impact
Noise, and others
High levels of wind energy (>30%) in
grid may require variety of upgrades to
the entire electricity network
11
Questions?
QUESTIONS?
2/4/2011
12
2/4/2011
13
2/4/2011
14
2/4/2011
15
2/4/2011
16
At least 15 months. 2 to 3
yrs for large wind farms
Prospecting
Locale specific: 6 to
12 months
WindResource
Assessment
Siting:Permits,
EIA,
Interconnection
PPA
Financing
Operations&
Maintenance
Ongoing
$40/KW per year
Construction
Installation
Commissioning
Engineering
Procurement
Contracting
*For large projects of size > 20MW. Does not include financing costs (range: $50- $100/kW)
2/4/2011
17
Pramod Jain;Sept.22,2010
Prospecting
Goal: Identify a handful of areas that have a good wind resource
Compute wind speed and wind energy estimates based on publicly
available wind data: Airport, NCAR, Weather stations
Tools: RetScreen
Energy estimate: +/- 50%
Other factors in site selection: Grid connection, buyer, construction
cost, environmental factors
3 months $5 to 10K
After site(s) have been selected, Obtain site control through leases
2/4/2011
18
2/4/2011
19
Permits
2/4/2011
Power producer
Construction & Transportation
Zoning
Environmental
Others:
Long-range radar interference
Telecommunications
interference
Obstruction to aviation
Interconnection
Agreement to connect to the
grid
Agreement on the quality of
power
20
PPA, Financing
PPA
Agreement with buyer of energy about price of energy and conditions for
purchase
In most cases, this is a standard Power purchase agreement
Financing
Create a project financing package for presentation to investors
Negotiate terms with tax-equity investors, other equity investors and lenders
2/4/2011
21
Project Engineering
Procurement of turbines
Wind condition and locale specific
2/4/2011
22
Infrastructure
Site preparation
Foundation construction
Turbine Erection
Collection system and substation
construction
2/4/2011
Commissioning
Objective: Ensure wind plant is
safe to operate, produces
energy in a reliable manner and
acceptable quality
List of outstanding issues
95% availability during 250
hours of continuous operation
End result: Handover of project
from contractor to owner
23
2/4/2011
24
2/4/2011
25
Questions?
QUESTIONS?
2/4/2011
26
Transport
rawmaterial
Proximity
toload
Capacity
factor
Scale
Variabilityof
resource
Coal,Nuclear,
Gas,Diesel
Yes
Yes
90+%
C/N:Large
500MW+
G/D:Med/Low
Significant
costvariability
Hydro
No
No
Variable
Variable
Dependson
rain
Wind
No
No
30to50%
Variable
Highdiurnal
andseasonal
Solar
No/Dont
haveto
Yes
15 to22%
Smalltomedium
Medium
diurnaland
seasonal
No
No
90+%
Largetomedium
Little
Geothermal
2/4/2011
Lowestprice
CO2cost
Onshoreinstalledcost1300/KW
Range
Onshoreinstalledcost1700/KW
120
120
GenerationcostEuros/MWh
100
100
80
60
40
80
60
40
20
Coal
2/4/2011
Nuclear
Gas
WindSpeedm/s
28
10.00
9.75
9.50
9.25
9.00
8.75
8.50
8.25
8.00
7.75
7.50
7.25
7.00
6.75
6.50
6.25
6.00
20
Technology
InstalledCost
/kW
Gasfired
635875
Coalfired
1,3002,325
Nuclear
Onshorewind
Offshorewind
FuelPrice
/MWh
O&MCost
/kW
1,9503,400
US:16
EU:27
US:12
EU:18
3.65.5
1930
8096
1,3001,500
3,000
N/A
N/A
3350
70
3060
2/4/2011
29
30
2/4/2011
31
2/4/2011
32
Conclusions
In most countries wind energy is the fastest growing new source of
electrical energy
Wind projects cost about $1500 to $2000 per kW
Timeframe for wind projects is 24 to 36 months
Wind project lifecycle has a large number of steps
Attention to details and rigorous due diligence during development
phase can mitigate risk of delays and cost overruns
2/4/2011
33