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12. Kinema.cs
I Main Topics
A Deni.on and use
B Rela.ve ages
C Displacements vs. rela.ve displacements

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How Did Points in Outcrop Move Through Time?

5 Fault

3 Dike

2 Dike

4 Joint

1 Granodiorite
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12. Kinema.cs
II Deni.on and use of kinema.cs
A The study of the posi.on of bodies through .me
without regard to the forces causing mo.on
B Used to describe how a body changes posi.on,
orienta.on, shape,and/or size through .me
C Important for correctly assigning causes and
eects

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III Rela.ve ages
A Cross-cuWng rela.onships
1 Younger features can cut older features; older
features cannot cut younger ones

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Cross-cuWng rela.onships
Angular unconformity, Siccar Point, Scotland

hZp://marlimillerphoto.com/images/SrU-01.jpg
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Cross-cuWng rela.onships

Nonconformity, Tapeats Sandstone overlying schist, Grand Canyon

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Cross-cuWng rela.onships
Mac dike cuWng aplite dike, Kings Canyon Na.onal Park, CA

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Cross-cuWng rela.onships
Joint cuWng bio.te crystal

Bio.te

Bio.te

From Paul Segall

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Cross-cuWng rela.onships
Plutons

hZp://gsabulle.n.gsapubs.org/content/115/12/1570/F1.large.jpg
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12. Kinema.cs

Cross-cuWng rela.onships: Pathologic examples

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Inclusions

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12. Kinema.cs
III Rela.ve ages
C Interac.on of structures

1 Older structures can aect the ini.al

forma.on of younger structures, but
younger structures cannot aect the
origin of older structures

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Interac.ng structures: T-shaped intersec.ons

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12. Kinema.cs

Interac.ng structures: T-shaped intersec.ons

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Interac.ng structures: Hook-shaped fractures

Curving, hook-shaped paths of interac.ng cracks at four dierent scales

From Pollard and Aydin, 1984

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12. Kinema.cs
IV Displacements vs. rela.ve displacements
A Most of the displacements geologists
measure are rela.ve displacements (GPS is
sort of the excep.on)

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12. Kinema.cs
IV Displacements vs.
rela.ve displacements
B A lack of rela.ve
displacement does
not equate to a lack
of absolute
displacement
(examples: joints and
faults)
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12. Kinema.cs
IV Displacements vs.
rela.ve displacements
C Structural geologists
usually cannot
measure
displacements
rela.ve to an
undeformed ini.al
state; we only see the
nal deformed state
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12. Kinema.cs
IV Displacements vs. rela.ve displacements
D Models inuence what we measure, where
we measure, and how we interpret our
measurements
1 Faults and joints (see B)
2 Dependence on our concept of the ini.al
state: is it deformed or undeformed?

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