MEC 307

FLUID MACHINERY
Textbook: Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines
by Sukumar Pati M. G. Hills

Details of Academic Task(s)

AT No.

Test I
Test 2

Test 3

Objective

To prepare students
for VITE
To check the
numerical solving
ability of students
To prepare students
forETE

Topic of the Academic Task

Evaluation Mode

Based on syllabus cov ered upto 4th week

Nature of Academic Task

(group/indiv iduals/field work
Individual

Based on syllabus cov ered after MTE upto 9th week

Individual

Continuous assessment of student based on syllabus cov ered up to

11th week

Individual

Mid Term Examination (MTE)

Mar 03-11,2013

End Term Examinations(ETE)

May 01-28, 2013

Basic concepts of
the subject
Student
performance
Student
performance

Allottmcnt /
submission Week
4/5
9/ 9

[[ill

Lecture 1

Introduction: Impulse
Momentum Principle

Introduction:
The most common practical engineering application
of fluid mechanics is the design of FLUID
MACHINERY.
The types of fluid machinery are: >Machines which
add energy to the fluid (the pump family), >
Machines which extract energy (turbines).

TURBINES : kapode
kaba?

JJ O V E L Y
PROFESSIONAL
UNIVERSITY

Historical Background
Water Wheels: Ancestor of the modern day
turbines
Commonly used in Great Britain and the United States with
the vertical wheel rotating about a horizontal axle.
Undershot water wheel

Wheel
Rotation

Wheel
Rotation

Mill race

Water Flow

UID.: 16474

Undershot Water Wheel

Overshot Water Wheel

JJ O V E L Y
PROFESSIONAL
[UNIVERSITY

Backshot Water Wheel

Breastshot Water Wheel

PUMPS: Supply energy to the fluid

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

JJ O V E L Y
P R O F E S S I O N AL
[UNIVERSITY

Cutter Pumps

O V E LY
ROFES SION AL
NI V E R S I T Y

HAND PUMP

SUBMERSIBLE PUMP
VIJAY SHANKER
UID.: 16474

Impulse
Momentum
Principle
When applied to
a single body Newton's
second law can be stated as:
The sum of forces on the body equals the rate of change of momentum of the body
in the direction of the force.
In equation form (F and V are in the same direction):

where m is the mass of the body and V is the velocity of the body and t is the time.
This also means the impulse Fdt equals the change in momentum of the body
during the time dt.

When applied to control volume, through which the fluid is flowing, the principle
can be stated as:
The sum of forces on the fluid equals the difference between the momentum
flowing in and momentum flowing out and the change in momentum of the fluid
inside the control volume, under steady flow condition the last term vanishes.
So the forces in the fluid is given by:

In other words, the net force on the fluid mass is equal to the net rate of out
flow of momentum across the control surface.
The above equation can also be written as:

Q)
= (pdt
out d(pvV)
dx
dtoutj d(pQx)
out dtd(pvV)
(pQ)
in
dt ini
dx
dt jd(pAxV)
out dt out
F d(p(AV)x)out
=
n
d(p(AV)x)in
in
dt
d( Qx)
p out

dt

= (pQV)out - (pQV)
_p

outQoutVout

= p2Q2V2 piQiVi

inQinVin
for compressible fluid

d(pAxV)
dt in

IT = .

_/r for incompressible fluid

But,

IF = I F k +I Fy i + I Fzk
^

AV = Au i + Avj + Awk
where u, v and w are the components of velocity in the x, y and z directions.
Using above relations we have:

I Fx k +1 Fy j +1 Fzj = pQ(AuJ + Avj + Awk)

Comparing the two sides we have:
is the impulse momentum equation in scalar form.

When calculating the momentum flowing in or out, if the velocity over the section
is not uniform a correction has to applied.
The correction factor p is given by

where V is the average velocity.

Application of Impulse Momentum

Forces
Exerted on Pressure Conduits:
Principle:

Consider the reducer section shown in figure below:

The free body diagram is given by:
i

Assuming ideal fluid flow,

IFX = P1A1 - P2A2 - Fx = pQ (u2 - u,) or the force on the fluid is given by:
Fx = P1A1 - P2A2 - pQ (u2 - u,)

This force is the force exerted by the reducer on the fluid in the x direction. This force
acts towards the left as assumed in the figure.

Exercises
(1) A reducer in the horizontal plane has an inlet area of 0.02 m 2 and the outlet area
is 0.01 m2. The velocity at the inlet is 4 m/s. The pressures are 40 KPa at inlet and
10 KPa of outlet. Determine the force exerted by the reducer on the fluid.
(2) A 45 bend in the horizontal plane is shown in figure. The inlet area is 1.2 m 2 and the
outlet area is 0.6 m2. The velocity of water at inlet is 12 m/s. The pressures at inlet
and outlet are 40 and 30 KPa respectively. Calculate the magnitude and direction of
the resultant force on the bend.

Solutions
(1) As the flow is in the horizontal plane body forces are neglected. The
free body diagram is as shown below:

Given: A1/A2 = 2, u2 = 2u, = 8 m/s

Using equation:
Fx = P1A1 - P2A2 - pQ (u2 - u1)
= 40 KPa * 0.02 m2 - 10 KPa * 0.01 m2 - 1000*0.02*4*(8-4)
= 40000 * 0.02 m2 - 10000 * 0.01 m2 - 1000*0.02*4*(8-4)
= 800 - 100 - 320 = 380 N

(2) The free body diagram is as shown below:

Given: A1 = 1.2 m2, A2 = 0.6 m2, V = 12 m/s , V2 = A1 V / A2 = 24 m/s Using
equations:
IFx = pQ Au
Or, P1 A1 - P2 A2 cos 45o - Fx = pQ (u2 - u1)
Or, P1 A1 - P2 A2 cos 45o - Fx = pQ (V2 cos 45o - V1)
Or, 40000*1.2 - 30000*0.6 cos 45o - F = 1000*1.2*12 (24 cos 45o - 12)
Or, 48000- 18000cos 45o - F = 14400*4.97
-36296 N towards ve x-axis VIJAY SHANKER
UID.: 16474

IFy = pQ Av
Fy = PA sin 0 + m V sin 0 = PA sin 45o + pQ V sin 45
= 30 KPa *0.6 sin 45o + 1000*1.2*12* 24 sin 45 = 30000 *0.6 sin 45o +
1000*1.2*12* 24 sin 45
= 257104 N in downward direction

Resultant force on the bend: 259653.36 N Direction: tan-1(257104/36296) = 81.96

with -ve x axis

Tutorial Questions:

A pipe bend has a eross sectional area of 01)l m2 at inlet and 0.0025 m2 at outlet. It bends 900 from its
initial direction. The velocity is 4 m/s at inlet with a pressure of 100 kPa gauge. The density is 1000
kg/mT Calculate the forces acting parallel and perpendicular to the initial direction.

End of Lecture 1