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Product Description
To decide on whether a food requires time/temperature control for safety, the properties of the
food itself must be considered. The properties of common food commodities, including added
preservatives and processing steps, and the environmental circumstances that may affect their
microbial ecology.
The microbiological hazards that may occur from consuming particular food commodities or their
derived products are also discussed. The microbial concerns that would be associated with
temperature abuse of the products, and foods for which time/temperature control may be
necessary for safety and those that might be safely stored at room temperature.
Consideration is also given to processing technologies or other methods that may be useful in
minimizing hazards. Special considerations unique to each food category are also provided.
Pathogens of concern and control methods for the various product categories evaluated
for Evaluation)
Time/temperature,
pH,
aw,
preservatives,
moisture protein ratio,
focaccia bread)
Fats, oils & salad
dressings (garlic-in-oil)
Butter and margarine
(light salted butter)
fermentation,
heat processing
Time/temperature,
Purchasing & receiving control
fermentation, pH, aw, water-phase salt,
preservatives, drying, salting
Combination products
(cheese with veg. pieces, Variable, based on raw materials and
processing
pumpkin pie, stuffed
pastry)
1Good
Manufacturing Practices would help in reducing the hazards. For meats, poultry, and fish and seafood products the
Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point principles should be implemented as a control system. 2A pH > 4.0 and aw ~ 0.92 in salad
dressings and mayonnaise would preclude the growth of pathogens of concern.3Only a concern in light syrups and can be
controlled by acidification.
4In pasteurized products, all pre-processing vegetative pathogens would be controlled.5Only a concern in anoxic environments.
Aw
0.96
0.95
0.93
0.92
0.83
0.83
0.82
0.80
0.70
0.70
Food items
aw
0.95
0.95-9
Margarine
Salted meats
0.9-0.85
0.85-0.8
Jam
Nuts
0.8-0.75
0.75-0.65
Honey
Pasta
0.65-0.60
0.5
Cookies
Dried vegetables, crackers
0.3
0.2
Dried fruit
Biscuits
Milk powder
Instant coffee
Dried fruit
0.6
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.6
Salmonella, C. botulinum,
Lactobacillus, some molds
Many types of yeast.
0.80
Approximate
Item
pH
Approximate pH
Abalone
6.10 - 6.50
Lettuce, Iceberg
5.70 - 6.13
Abalone mushroom
5.00 -
Lime Juice
2.00 - 2.35
Ackees
5.50
Lime
2.00 - 2.80
Aloe Vera
6.10
Lobster bisque
6.90 -
Aloe Juice
6.00 - 6.80
Lobster soup
5.70
6.50
Lobster, cooked
7.10 - 7.43
5.58
Loganberries
2.70 - 3.50
Antipasto
5.60 -
5.10
3.20 - 3.55
Lotus Root
6.90 -
Apple, eating
3.30 - 4.00
Lychee
4.70 - 5.01
Macaroni, cooked
5.10 - 6.41
Apples
Delicious
3.90
6.26 - 6.50
Golden Delicious
3.60
6.07 - 6.36
Jonathan
3.33
Mackerel, canned
5.90 - 6.40
McIntosh
3.34
Mangoes, ripe
3.40 - 4.80
Juice
3.35 - 4.00
Mangoes, green
5.80 - 6.00
Sauce
3.10 - 3.60
Mangos tine
4.50 -5.00
Wine sap
3.47
Maple syrup
5.15
Apricots
3.30 - 4.80
4.60
Canned
3.40 - 3.78
Matzos
5.70
Dried, stewed
3.30 - 3.51
Nectar
3.78
Melba Toast
5.08 - 5.30
Pureed,
3.42 - 3.83
Melon, Casaba
5.78 - 6.00
Strained
3.72 - 3.95
6.00 - 6.67
Arrowroot Crackers
6.63 - 6.80
Melons, Persian
5.90 - 6.38
Arrowroot Cruel
6.37 - 6.87
Milk, cow
6.40 - 6.80
Artichokes
5.50 - 6.00
Milk, Acidophilus
4.09 - 4.25
4.30 - 4.60
Milk, condensed
6.33
5.60 - 6.00
Milk, evaporated
5.90 - 6.30
5.93 - 6.00
Milk, Goat's
6.48
Asparagus
6.00 - 6.70
Milk, peptonized
7.10
Buds
6.70
4.70 - 5.65
Stalks
6.10
Milkfish
5.30
Asparagus, cooked
6.03 - 6.16
Mint Jelly
3.01
Asparagus, canned
5.00 - 6.00
Molasses
4.90 - 5.40
6.35 - 6.48
5.20 - 5.32
Mushrooms
6.00 - 6.70
Asparagus, strained
4.80 - 5.09
6.00 - 6.22
Avocados
6.27 - 6.58
Baby corn
5.20 -
Mushrooms, cooked
Mushroom Soup, Cream of,
canned
Mussels
5.95 - 6.05
Mustard
3.55 - 6.00
Bamboo Shoots +
5.10 - 6.20
Nata De Coco
5.00
3.50 - 4.60
Nectarines
3.92 - 4.18
Bananas
4.50 - 5.20
Noodles, boiled
6.08 - 6.50
Bananas, red
4.58 - 4.75
Oatmeal, cooked
6.20 - 6.60
5.95 - 6.40
6.00 - 6.85
5.00 - 5.29
Octopus
6.00 - 6.50
Barley, cooked
5.19 - 5.32
Okra, cooked
5.50 - 6.60
Basil pesto
4.90
Olives, black
6.00 - 7.00
6.58 - 6.78
3.60 - 4.60
6.50 - 6.70
Olives, ripe
6.00 -7.50
Beans
5.60 - 6.50
Onions, pickled
3.70 - 4.60
Black
5.78 - 6.02
Onions, red
5.30 - 5.80
Boston style
5.05 - 5.42
Onion white
5.37 - 5.85
Kidney
5.40 - 6.00
Onions, yellow
5.32 - 5.60
Lima
6.50
Oranges, Florida
3.69 - 4.34
Soy
6.00 - 6.60
String
5.60
3.30 - 4.19
Wax
5.30 - 5.70
3.30 - 4.15
5.10 - 5.80
Orange, Marmalade
3.00 - 3.33
Beans, refried
Beans, vegetarian, tomato sauce,
canned
Beets
5.90
Oysters
5.68 - 6.17
5.32
Oyster, smoked
6.00
5.30 - 6.60
Oyster mushrooms
5.00 - 6.00
Beets, cooked
5.23 - 6.50
Palm, heart of
6.70
4.30 - 4.60
Papaya
5.20 - 6.00
Beets, canned
4.90 - 5.80
Papaya Marmalade
3.53 - 4.00
Beets, chopped
5.32 - 5.56
Parsley
5.70 - 6.00
Beets, strained
5.32 - 5.56
Parsnip
5.30 - 5.70
7.20 - 7.60
Parsnips, cooked
5.45 - 5.65
Blackberries, Washington
3.85 - 4.50
Pate
5.90
Blueberries, Maine
3.12 - 3.33
Peaches
3.30 - 4.05
Blueberries, frozen
3.11 - 3.22
Peaches, canned
3.70 - 4.20
6.09 - 6.50
3.55 - 3.72
Peaches, frozen
3.28 - 3.35
Bran
Flakes
5.45 - 5.67
Peanut Butter
6.28
All Bran
5.59 - 6.19
Peanut Soup
7.5
Bread, white
5.00 - 6.20
Pears, Bartlett
3.50 - 4.60
6.53
Pears, canned
4.00 - 4.07
5.43 - 5.50
Bread, pumpernickel
5.40 -
Pear Nectar
4.03
Bread, Rye
5.20 - 5.90
Peas, canned
5.70 - 6.00
5.47 - 5.85
6.48 - 6.80
Breadfruit, cooked
5.33
6.22 - 6.88
Broccoli, cooked
6.30 - 6.52
6.30 - 6.85
Broccoli, canned
5.20 - 6.00
Peas, cooked
Peas, dried (split green),
cooked
Peas, dried (split yellow),
cooked
Peas, frozen, cooked
6.45 - 6.80
6.43 - 6.62
6.40 - 6.70
6.00 - 6.30
Peas, pureed
Buttermilk
4.41 - 4.83
Cabbage
5.20 - 6.80
Peas, strained
5.91 - 6.12
Green
5.50 - 6.75
Peppers
4.65 - 5.45
Red
5.60 - 6.00
Peppers, green
5.20 - 5.93
Savoy
6.30
Persimmons
4.42 - 4.70
White
6.20
5.10 - 5.40
Cactus
4.70
Pimiento
4.40 - 4.90
Calamari (Squid)
5.80
4.40 - 4.60
Cantaloupe
6.13 - 6.58
Pineapple
3.20 - 4.00
Capers
6.00
Pineapple, canned
3.35 - 4.10
Carp
6.00
3.30 - 3.60
Carrots
5.88 - 6.40
Plum Nectar
3.45
Carrots, canned
5.18 - 5.22
Plums, Blue
2.80 - 3.40
Carrots, chopped
5.30 - 5.56
Plums, Damson
2.90 - 3.10
Carrots, cooked
5.58 - 6.03
Plums, Frozen
3.22 - 3.42
Carrots, pureed
4.55 - 5.80
3.60 - 4.30
Carrots, strained
5.10 - 5.10
3.22 - 3.32
Cauliflower
5.60
Plums, Red
3.60 - 4.30
Cauliflower, cooked
6.45 - 6.80
Plums, spiced
3.64
Caviar, American
5.70 - 6.00
Plums, Yellow
3.90 - 4.45
Celery
5.70 - 6.00
6.72 - 6.82
Celery, cooked
5.37 - 5.92
Pomegranate
2.93 - 3.20
5.71 - 5.85
Porgy, broiled
6.40 - 6.49
Cereal, strained
6.44 - 6.45
5.70
6.00 - 6.30
Potatoes
5.40 - 5.90
4.98
Mashed
5.10
Cheese, Camembert
7.44
3.63 - 3.92
Cheese, Cheddar
5.90
Sweet
5.30 - 5.60
Cheese, Cottage
4.75 - 5.02
Tubers
5.70
4.10 - 4.79
Potato Soup
5.90
Cheese Dip
5.80
Prune Juice
3.95 - 3.97
Cheese, Edam
5.40
Prune, pureed
3.60 - 4.30
6.15
Prune, strained
3.58 - 3.83
Cheese, Roquefort
5.10 - 5.98
Puffed Rice
6.27 - 6.40
Cheese, Parmesan
5.20 - 5.30
Puffed Wheat
5.26 - 5.77
Cheese, Snippy
5.18 - 5.2l
Pumpkin
4.90 - 5.50
Cheese, Stilton
5.70
3.12 - 3.40
Cherries, frozen
3.32 - 3.37
Radishes, white
5.52 - 5.69
3.82 - 3.93
Raisins, seedless
3.80 - 4.10
Cherries, Maraschino
3.47 - 3.52
Rambutan (Thailand)
4.90
4.90 - 5.85
3.25 - 3.82
Raspberries
3.22 - 3.95
3.80 - 3.83
Raspberries, frozen
3.18 - 3.26
Chicory
5.90 - 6.05
3.50 - 3.82
2.77 - 3.70
Raspberry Jam
2.87 - 3.17
Chives
5.20 - 6.31
Razor Clams
6.20
Clams
6.00 - 7.10
6.00
6.40
Rattan, Thailand
5.20 -
Coconut, fresh
5.50 - 7.80
Red Ginseng
5.50
Coconut milk
6.10 - 7.00
3.10 - 3.62
Coconut preserves
3.80 - 7.00
3.20 - 3.34
Codfish, boiled
5.30 - 6.10
Rhubarb
3.10 - 3.40
Cod liver
6.20
Canned
3.40
Conch
7.52 - 8.40
Congee
6.40
Brown
6.20 - 6.80
Corn
5.90 - 7.30
Krispies
5.40 - 5.73
Corn, canned
5.90 - 6.50
White
6.00 - 6.70
Corn Flakes
4.90 - 5.38
Wild
6.00 - 6.50
7.33 - 7.68
Rolls, white
5.46 - 5.52
6.22 - 7.04
Romaine
5.78 - 6.06
Crab meat
6.50 - 7.00
5.85 - 6.50
2.93 - 3.02
5.36 - 6.40
2.30 - 2.52
6.07 - 6.16
Crabmeat, cooked
6.62 - 6.98
Salsa
6.50 - 6.68
5.70 - 6.60
6.44 - 6.80
Cream of Asparagus
6.10
Sardines
Sardine, Portuguese, in olive
oil
Satay sauce
5.51 - 5.87
Sauce, Enchilada
5.50 -
6.00
Sauce, Fish
4.93 - 5.02
6.06 - 6.16
Sauce, Shrimp
7.01 - 7.27
Chrysanthemum drink
6.50
Sauerkraut
3.30 - 3.60
Cucumbers
5.12 - 5.78
Scallion
6.20 -
3.20 - 3.70
Scallop
6.00
Cucumbers, pickled
4.20 - 4.60
Scotch Broth.
5.92
Curry sauce
6.00
6.00
4.60 - 4.80
5.70 - 5.90
Cuttlefish
6.30
Shallots, cooked
5.30 - 5.70
Dates, canned
6.20 - 6.40
Sherbet, raspberry
3.69
Dates, Dromedary
4.14 - 4.88
Sherry-wine
3.37
Shredded Ralston
5.32 - 5.60
Shredded Wheat
6.05 - 6.49
5.50 - 6.50
Publication Date: 20.03.2015
5.42 - 5.93
5.00
6.58
Shrimp
6.50 - 7.00
White
7.96
Shrimp Paste
5.00 - 6.77
Yolk
6.10
Smelts, Sauted
6.67 - 6.90
Eel
6.20
Soda Crackers
5.65 - 7.32
Escarole
5.70 - 6.00
Enchilada sauce
4.40 - 4.70
5.60 -
Fennel (Anise)
5.48 - 5.88
Soup
Broccoli Cheese Soup,
condensed
Chicken Broth,
Fennel, cooked
5.80 - 6.02
Figs, Calamari
5.05 - 5.98
Figs, canned
4.92 - 5.00
Flounder, boiled
6.10 - 6.90
6.39 - 6.89
5.60
Fruit cocktail
3.60 - 4.00
Garlic
5.80
Gelatin Dessert
2.60
6.08
Gherkin
5.80
6.80
6.20 6.00 - 6.20
5.70 - 5.80
5.80 5.80
5.40
6.006.30 -
6.60 - 7.00
Ginger
5.60 - 5.90
Soy Sauce
4.40 - 5.40
6.00 - 6.50
7.20
Gooseberries
2.80 - 3.10
Soybean milk
7.00
Graham Crackers
7.10 - 7.92
Spaghetti, cooked
5.97 - 6.40
Grapes, canned
3.50 - 4.50
Spinach
5.50 - 6.80
Grapes, Concord
2.80 - 3.00
Spinach, chopped
5.38 - 5.52
3.51 - 3.58
Spinach, cooked
6.60 - 7.18
Grapes, Malaga
3.71 - 3.78
6.30 - 6.52
Grapes, Niagara
2.80 - 3.27
Spinach, pureed
5.50 - 6.22
Grapes, Ribier
3.70 - 3.80
Spinach, strained
5.63 - 5.79
Grapes, Seedless
2.90 - 3.82
5.18 - 6.49
Grapes, Tokyo
3.50 - 3.84
6.00 - 6.20
Grapefruit
3.00 - 3.75
5.52 - 5.80
Grapefruit, canned
3.08 - 3.32
5.79 - 6.00
2.90 - 3.25
Squid
6.00 - 6.50
Grass jelly
5.80 - 7.20
Sturgeon
6.20
5.05 - 5.22
Strawberries
3.00 - 3.90
5.22 - 5.30
Strawberries, California
3.32 - 3.50
Grenadine Syrup
2.31
Strawberries, frozen
3.21 - 3.32
Guava nectar
5.50
Strawberry Jam
3.00 - 3.40
Guava, canned
3.37 - 4. 10
Straw mushroom
4.90
3.73
Sweet Potatoes
5.30 - 5.60
6.17 - 6.82
6.17 - 6.78
Hearts of Palm
5.70
Tamarind
3.00 -
Herring
6.10
Tangerine
3.32 - 4.48
Hominy, cooked
6.00 - 7.50
Taro syrup
4.50
Honey
3.70 - 4.20
Tea
7.20
Honey Aloe
4.70
Three-Bean Salad
5.40
5.35
7.20
3.38 - 3.43
Jackfruit
4.80 - 6.80
Jam, fruit
3.50 - 4.50
Tomatoes, canned
3.50 - 4.70
Jellies, fruit
3.00 - 3.50
Tomatoes, Juice
4.10 - 4.60
Jujube
5.20 -
Tomatoes, Paste
3.50 - 4.70
Tomatoes, Puree
4.30 - 4.47
3.83
4.30 - 4.90
Raspberry
6.27
Tomatoes, Strained
4.32 - 4.58
Vanilla
6.49
4.42 - 4.65
Kale, cooked
6.36 - 6.80
Ketchup
3.89 - 3.92
5.75 - 6.20
Truffle
5.30 - 6.50
Herring, Pickled
4.50 - 5.00
5.90 - 6.20
Kelp
6.30
Turnips
5.29 - 5.90
Kumquat, Florida
3.64 - 4.25
5.40 - 6.20
Leeks
5.50 - 6.17
5.76 - 5.85
Leeks, cooked
5.49 - 6.10
5.57 - 5.82
Lemon Juice
2.00 - 2.60
Vegetable Juice
3.90 - 4.30
Lentils, cooked
6.30 - 6.83
5.16
Lentil Soup
5.80
4.98 - 5.02
Lettuce
5.80 - 6.15
4.99 - 5.00
Lettuce, Boston
5.89 - 6.05
Vermicelli, cooked
5.80 - 6.50
Vinegar
2.40 - 3.40
Wheaties
5.00 - 5.12
Vinegar, cider
3.10
Worcestershire sauce
3.63 - 4.00
Walnuts, English
5.42
Yams, cooked
5.50 - 6.81
7.20
Yeast
5.65
Water Chestnut
6.00 - 6.20
Yangsberries, frozen
3.00 - 3.70
Watercress
5.88 - 6.18
Zucchini, cooked
5.69 - 6.10
Watermelon
5.18 - 5.60
Zwiebach
4.84 - 4.94
Wheat Krispice
4.99 - 5.62
Wheatnena
5.85 - 6.08
4.62
6.20 - 6.33
S. aureus, L. monocytogenes, Y.
enterocolitica
barracuda
amberjack/ horse-eye jack
black jack/ other larger
species of jack
king mackerel
large groupers
large snappers
Control
Municipality Approved Supplier
Municipality Approved Supplier
Municipality Approved Supplier
Municipality Approved Supplier
Control
Buy from approved federally
inspected suppliers. They are
required to receive, hold, and process
using a HACCP system.
Check for an adequate quantity of ice
or other cooling media.
If not, a federally inspected supplier or
directly from a fishing boat, check for
the following at receipt:
Foods that might be served raw or not cooked according to the USFDA Food Code
Raw Animal Food
Beef
Poultry
Finfish
Menu Items
Hazards
Steak Tartare
Carpaccio
Duck
Lightly cooked fish, sushi, raw-marinated,
cold smoked fish
Reef fish: (barracuda, amberjack, horse-
Salmonellae
Escherichia coli 01 57:H7
Salmonellae; Campylobacter jejuni
Anisakis simplex
Diphyllobothrium spp.
Pseudoterranova decipiens
Ciguatera toxin
Vibrioo vulnificus
Vibrio spp.
hepatitis A
Norwalk-like viruses
Shellfish
Oysters
Clams
Eggs
Juice
Apple juice/cider,
other fruit or vegetable juices
Salmonellae,
E. coli 01 57:H7,
Shigellae, Cyclospora
cayetanensis, hepatitis A, Norwalk
like viruses
Salmonellae,
E.coli 0 157:HT
Cryptosporidium parvum