Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
House as a System:
Advanced Building Science
Presented by:
Gregg Robinson, Residential Technical Specialist
Energy Trust of Oregon New Homes and Products,
Technical School Outreach
July 2009
Utility Customers
Pacific Power
New Homes
Products
Trade Ally
Lighting
Technical Education
Appliances
Manufactured Homes
Multifamily
ADPPA, Solar
EnergyTrust of Oregons
New Homes Program
Sustainable Communities
Learning tools including lesson plans, and classroom and fieldbased workshops for students and instructors
Think Energy
The Basics:
Energy and Building Science
Fundamentals
Electric resistance
Sp ace
Heat ing
34%
A p p liances
& Lig ht ing
34%
Gas furnace
Elect r ic
AC
11%
W at er
Heat ing
13 %
R ef r ig er at o r
8%
80% efficient
95% efficient
Coal
6.9%
Think Heat
Portland
Oil
0.1%
Gas
26.2%
0.1%
Biomass
1.4%
Hydro
64.1%
Wind
1.2%
Bend
Btu Equivalents
Btu =
Watt-hour (Wh)
3.412 Btu
Killowatt-hour (kWh)
3,412 Btu
Propane (gallon)
91,500 Btu
100,000 Btu
140,000 Btu
Cord firewood
20,000,000 Btu
Heat Transfer
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Air Leaks
Attic
Walls
Windows/Doors
Floors
Air Leaks
The Question
The Answer
OR
How to construct buildings to resist heat loss?
Yikes!
Conduction
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Mass transfer (air leakage)
Warm
Convection
Air is a fluid.
Cold
Convection
Stud Cavity
Hot
Convective
Loop
Cold
Hot
Cold
Radiation
Mass Transfer
Air Leakage
Stud Cavity
Gaps and cracks leak conditioned, indoor air and allow undesired air
to replace it
Hot
Cold
Everybody Now!
Make it Stop
Stud Cavity
Stud
Cavity
= Conductive Wall
BAM!
Interior
Cold
Insulation
Occupants
Comfort
Moisture
Heat loss
Operating cost
Environment
Framing
Insulation
Sheathing
Siding
Sheet rock
Fire safety
Mechanical
Systems
Vulcanized foundations?
10
1950s
1970s
1990s
Now
Better
U=1R
Why?
R=1U
Example: Window
U-Factor - 0.38
U-Factor - 0.05
R-Value - 2.60
R-Value - 20
11
R-0.4
= R-21.4
Wall R-Value
U-Factors cannot be added through an assembly
Overall R-Value
77 21 + 23 6
=
The easy way is wrong
100
1617 + 138
=
100
= 17 .5
ft2
UA1 =
77 ft
1
77 = 3.67 23 ft
21
1
UA2 = 23 = 3.8
6
3.67 + 3.8 = U total 100
Lets try this again
R-6 Studs
U total
R-6 Studs
7.5
=
= 0.075
100
Ravg =
U Total
Ravg = 13.3
12
13
R-Value Recap
F
o
0
4
t
f
0
0
1
F
o
u 2
t
t
f
B
r
h
5
7
0
0
0
.
3
0
u rt
ur
u
rt
th
h
B hB
B
=
The bigger the R-Value, the greater the resistance to heat transfer
ft 2 o F hr
Btu
Pop Quiz
How do we reduce heating bills?
a)
b)
c)
d)
14
Complete/continuous insulation
Common sense
Ah Ha!
If you reduce the need for energy, you dont need fancy contraptions to
reduce energy use!
In our climate, this equates to reducing heat loss from the house.
15
U-Value Calculations
Typical wall
Covered with:
R-Value
0.68
Drywall
0.45
Insulation/framing
13.3
OSB/plywood
1.32
Siding
0.81
0.17
Total
16.7
Plywood/OSB
Interior air film
Sheet rock
Plywood/OSB sheathing
Siding
Siding
These are thermal bridges, providing a path for heat to conduct
Built with:
16 OC
77% Insulation
23% framing (thermal bridges)
Wall U-Values
Drywall
16
Thermal Bridging - IR
Thermal Bridging
When conductive materials are touching one another, heat flows
rapidly through the building shell
T he O
regon
R-16
.7
Wall
on R-14.5
The Oreg
Wall
17
Insulated Floor
Sub-flooring
Attics
Oregon R-38 Attic
Standard Practice
Thermal Bridges
18
Air Leakage
How much air leakage?
R-38
R-33
Air Leakage
CFM
ACH Volume
60
Energy in Air
Each volume of air has a certain amount of energy
Each volume of air that leaks from the house is lost
energy from the house
Energy must be added for each volume of air that
leaks into the house
Each volume of air that leaks from the house is
replaced by air from outside, crawl space, attic or
garage
19
Windows/doors
= CFM x T x .018
Ceiling
Floor
Air Leakage
Oops
20
Floor
Wall
Windows
Duct
Losses
(0.32 ACH)
U-Value
1/32 =
0.031
Area
1025
T
70o Indoor
35o
35o Attic
ft2
1/25 =
0.04
1/14.5 =
0.069
ft2
ft2
975
1937
0.35
366
90 AFUE furnace
ft2
100,000 Btu/Therm
96 CFM
47o
23o Outdoor
47o
40o
23o Outdoor 30o avg
Heat Loss
Rate
1112
Btu/hr
1170
Btu/hr
6280
Btu/hr
6020
Btu/hr
4147
Btu/hr
3750
Btu/hr
3,412 Btu/kWh
$0.08 per kWh
About $10.60 for 24 hours
Computer Models
REM/Rate
Floors
Attic
Walls
Windows
Air
leakage
Duct
losses
Total
Calculated
1120
1170
6280
6030
4210
3760
22570
Modeled
(REM)
600
1200
5200
5500
4900
12200
29600
eQuest
Energy Gauge
WrightSoft
Elite HVAC
HomeCheck
21
Add insulation
Bring ducts inside
Ducts inside
Strong envelope
Windows?
Q:
Air sealing?
Air sealing!
22
1.
Shafts (mechanical/electrical/etc)
2.
3.
4.
5.
Attic knee-walls
6.
Skylight shafts
7.
Cantilevered porches/floors
8.
Staircase walls
Cantilevered Floors
23
Common Walls
Comparing Performance
R-25 16 OC
R-25 24 OC
U-Value = 0.048
U-Value = 0.047
R-Value = R-21
R-Value = R-21
R-30 24 OC
U-Value = 0.044
U-Value = 0.042
R-Value = R-22.7
R-Value = R-24
R-38 16 OC
R-38 24 OC
U-Value = 0.035
U-Value = 0.034
R-Value = R-28
R-Value = R-29
24
25
Staggered Stud
R-19.3
2 x 8 12 OC
R-30 Cavity Fill
R-26
2 x 10 12 OC
R-38 Cavity Fill
R-33
26
Web Joists
End-on view of the plenum truss, built by Space Coast Truss. The
plenum, which is airtight, was faced with 1/16-inch Thermoply. Only
the sides of the plenum were insulated with batts. The rest was
insulated to R-19 with blown-in fiberglass.
Energy Design Update, March 2001
Dropped Ceiling/Soffit
27
Source: www.eleanor.com
Conditioned Attic
Use proper
ceiling returns
Return delivered
directly to air handler
with or without
ducting
28
Return delivered
directly to air handler
with or without ducting
Supply runs
integrated into open
web floor trusses or
i-joist with
engineered
duct punch-out
Use proper
ceiling returns
Return delivered
directly to air
handler
without ducting
Supply runs
integrated into
open web floor
trusses or i-joist
with engineered
duct punch-out
29
A below-window radiator
Ductless HP Efficiencies
7.7 9.5 HSPF
Inverter driven
Most important
From Asia
30
Remember This!
Learning curve
Mechanical Ventilation
ASHRAE 62.2
Framer
31
Floor
Wall
Windows
Air Leaks
(0.15 ACH)
U-Value
Area
1/50 =
0.02
1/38 =
0.029
1/26 =
0.038
0.30
1025 ft2
975 ft2
1937 ft2
366 ft2
45 CFM
Mech.
Ventilation
Duct
Losses
50 CFM
Attic
Floor
Wall
Windows
Air Leaks
(0.15 ACH)
Code
Home
1120
Btu/hr
1170
Btu/hr
6280
Btu/hr
6030
Btu/hr
4147 Btu/hr
Improved
Home
717
Btu/hr
848
Btu/hr
3450
Btu/hr
5160
Btu/hr
1944
Btu/hr
Mech.
Ventilation
Duct
Losses
3750
Btu/hr
(70%Recovery)
DT
70o
Indoor
Heat
Loss
Rate
35o
35o
Attic
717
Btu/hr
30o
40o
Crawl
848
Btu/hr
47o
23o
Outdoor
47o
23o
Outdoor
40o
30o
average
3450
Btu/hr
5160
Btu/hr
1944
Btu/hr
40o
30o average
1512
Btu/hr
0
Btu/hr
0
Btu/hr
1512
Btu/hr
Lights &
Appliances
Heating
Improved Home
Lights &
Appliances
Heating
Water
Water
Cooling
Cooling
32
Attic Upgrade
About
$2/ft2 upgrade
Floor Upgrade
R-30 to R-38 Joisted Floor
About $0.20/ft2 upgrade
U-0.35 to U-0.30
$1/ft2
$400 upgrade cost
$100
Duct sealing
$400
Ducts inside
$800
$2,000
33
Envelope
$4,000 - $9,000
$1,556 per year utility costs
HVAC
$500 - $3,200
Air sealing
Improved Home
$100
Alternate
U-0.050 Walls
HVAC
Additional Measure
34
$800
+ $800
+ $800
++++++
Net Zero
++++++
High Performance Home is currently hard to meet with electric heating systems
(including heat pumps)
Advanced High Performance Home, with renewable energy (solar hot water or PV):
Better windows
Educate homeowners
Online Resources
Energy Trust of Oregon, Inc.
www.energytrust.org
www.energytrust.org/ESNH
www.energytrust.org/TA/he
s/index.html
Earth Advantage
www.earthadvantage.com
www.usgbc.org
www.buildingscience.com
www.eere.energy.gov
www.energystar.gov
www.energystar.gov/index.
cfm?c=tax_credits.tx_index
35
www.oregon.gov/ENERGY
Print Resources
Brand, Steward. How Buildings Learn: What Happens After Theyre Built New York:
Penguin Books, 1995.
Burnett, John F. and Eric F.P Straube. Building Science for Building Enclosures
Westford: Building Science Press, 2005.
www.oregon.gov/ENERGY
/CONS/RES/RETC.shtml
Carmody, John, Stephen Selkowitz, Dariush Arasteh and Lisa Heschong. Residential
Windows New York: Norton, 2007.
www.oregon.gov/ENERGY
/CONS/BUS/BETC.shtml
Harley, Bruce. Insulate & Weatherize: Expert Advice from Start to Finish (Build
Like a Pro) Newton: Taunton, 2002.
www.natresnet.org
Krigger, John and Chris Dorsi. Residential Energy: Cost Savings and Comfort for
Existing Buildings (4th Edition). Helena: Saturn, 2004.
www.bpi.org
Lstiburek, Joseph W., PhD. Water Management Guide Building Science Press, 2006.
www.lightingplans.com
www.efficientwindows.org
Wilson, Alex and John Abrams. Your Green Home: A Guide to Planning a Healthy,
Environmentally Friendly New Home Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2006.
Rain Screens
36
Advanced Framing
Advanced framing saves
money, lumber and energy
Drywall Clip
Allowed for 2x6 and 2x4 Wall Construction
37
38
Strapped Walls
Stagger Studs
39
Photo courtesy Mike OBrien, City of Portland Office of Sustainable Development 2007
40