DYNAMIC ELECTRICITY Handout

1. Electricity Flow
Electric current is the flow of electric charge or electric charge that 1
flows per unit time. The direction of the electric current from the
direction of the high potential to low potential, so opposite to the flow
of electrons. If the positive charges in a conductor can flow, the
direction of flow is equal to the direction of electric current, ie from a
high potential to the potential rendah.Perhatikan image below!

+++ +++

+ + + conductor + + +

Figure 1. Conductor that connects two different objects of potential

Two charged objects of each A and B are connected by a conductor. If
the potential A is higher than the potential B, the current will flow from the A
to B. This current flows in a very short time. After potential A potential B
with the current stops flowing.
So that the electric current flowing from A to B, then the positive
charge that has reached the B should be moved back to A. Thus, the
potential A is always higher than B. So it can be concluded that in order for
electric current can flow in a wire conductor, so between the two ends of the
wire must have a potential difference.

2. Strong Cash Generation

Strong electric current is the amount of electrical charge that flows per
second through a conductor. Strong current symbol is I.
Strong unit of Ampere electric current is taken from
the name of a French scientist is: Andrey Marie Ampere
(1775 to 1836). Suppose that in time t seconds flow of
electric charge q coulombs in a conductor that have a
section A, then formulated:

Figure 2. q electric charge through a conductor cross-section of each

unit of time I = or q=I
q
t
.t

Unit I = = Ampere (A). Other units to strong currents such as

miliampere (mA) and microampere (μA), the conversion of 1 mA = 10-3 A

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 DYNAMIC ELECTRICITY Handout

and 10-6 A = 1μA

While strong current for each unit of sectional area called the current 2
density. Meetings currents expressed by:
J= with A/m2 units.
I
A
The amount of charge is n x electrons move.
Or q = n. e

So shall also apply n .e = I .t

Consider again figure 2, showing a moving charge in the conductor with a

cross-section A (m2), and the charges were moving with velocity v (m / s).
Suppose in each unit volume is n electrons are moving, and each electron
has a charge e = 1.6 x 10− 19 C, then in every interval of time t that the
electron-electron distance:

So the number of electrons in the volume of the cylinder (V = SA) conductor

numbered
q = n .e .s .A

q = n.e.v.t. A in
coulomb.

Strong electric current registration

I=
n.e.v.t.A
t

I = n.e.v.A dalam
ampere.
While the current meeting is
J= =
I n.e.v.A
A A

J = n.e.v dalam
A/m2 Example :
1. If a strong current in a wire conductor = 2 amperes, what is the
amount of electric charge that flows through the conducting wire cross
section for 1 minute?
Settlement
Given:
I = 2 amperes
t = 1 minute = 60 seconds

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 DYNAMIC ELECTRICITY Handout

Asked:
q = ......? 3
Answer:
q = I. t
q = 2 A x 60 seconds
q = 120 coulombs

2. If an electrically conducting wire electric charge flowing through it for

360 coulombs in 1 minute, set a strong electric current through the
conducting wire!
Settlement
Given :
q = 360 coulombs
t = 1 minute = 60 seconds
Asked:
I = ......?
Aswer:
I=
q
t
I= = 6 Ampere
360
60

3. Kirchoff Law I

In the mid-19th century, Gustav Robert Kirchoff (1824 to 1887) to find

a way to determine the electric current in the circuit which then branched
known Kirchoff's Law. This law says "The number of strong currents in
the same branching point with the number of strong currents
coming from the branching point". What then known as the Kirchoff law
I. Mathematically expressed

When depicted in a series of branching then be obtained as follows:

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 DYNAMIC ELECTRICITY Handout

Schematic diagram for I Kirchhoff's circuit laws to

investigate the strong flow
Into and out of a
node

Sample question:
1. Consider a node A of an electric circuit as shown in the picture!
Strong currents I1 = 10 A, I2 = 5 A direction toward the point A.
Strong currents I3 = 8 A way out from point A What is big and
strong direction of flow I4?

Completion :
According to Kirchhoff's law I= ∑ I enter = ∑ I out
Next ∑ I enter = I1 + I2 = 10 + 5 = 15 amperes.
I3 = 8 A direction out from point A means must be directed I4 out that:
∑ I out = I3 + I4 = 8 + I4

Finnaly: ∑ I enter = ∑ I out

I1 + I2 = I3 + I4
I5 = 8 + I4
I4 = 15 – 8 = 7 A
I4 = 7 amperes him out from point A

1. Kirchoff Law II

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 DYNAMIC ELECTRICITY Handout

Use of Kirchhoff's Law II is a closed circuit because the circuit can not
be simplified using a combination of series and parallel. Usually this occurs 5
when two or more emf in the circuit that is connected with how complicated
that simplification of this circuit requires a special technique to be able to
explain or operate circuit. Thus Kirchhoff's Law II is a solution for these
circuits, which reads:
In a closed circuit, the algebraic sum of electromotive force (ε) with
a voltage drop (IR) equal to zero.
∑ ε + ∑ IR
Formulated:
=0
a. Circuit with one loop
In the picture below shows 12 simple circuit with one loop. In the
circuit, the electrical current that flows is the same, ie I (because on closed
circuit).

In solving problems in the loop note the following!

• Strong currents marked positive if the direction of the loop and
marked negative if opposite the direction of the loop.

• GGL marked positipnya positive if the first pole in the loop and
instead encountered negative emf if the negative pole on the first
loop encountered.

Suppose we take the direction of the loop I, namely a-b-c-d-a

Circuit with one loop

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Strong electric current I above can be determined using Kirchhoff's

Second Law: 6
∑ ε + ∑ IR = 0
– ε 1 + ε 2 + I (r1 + r2 + R) = 0
If the price ε 1, ε 2, r1, r2 & R is known then we can determine the
price I was!

a. Circuit with two loops or more

The circuit has two or more loop circuit also called compound. The
steps in completing this compound series are as follows:

Circuit with two loops

• Draw the electrical circuit of the compound series!

• Set the direction of strong currents for each branch.
• Write down the flow equations for each branch point with
• Use Kirchhoff's Law I!
• Set the loop along with him on every circuit closed!
• Write the equations for each loop by using
• Kirchhoff's Law II!
• Calculate the quantities in question, using the letter e on top!

Example Problem :

1. At first the electric circuit consisting of a loop! Consider the matter

closed circuit consisting of one loop in the picture below!

ε = emf battery
r = resistance in the battery
R = external resistance
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 DYNAMIC ELECTRICITY Handout

ε = 24 V r1 = 1Ω R1 = 20 Ω
ε = 12 V r2 = 1Ω R2 = 15 Ω 7
ε = 6V r3 = 0,5 Ω R3 = 12 Ω
ε = 12 V r4 = 0,5 Ω R4 = 10 Ω

Calculate: a. Strong electric current (I) which flows in the circuit of

the above!
b. Voltage between point B with D (VBD)

Compeletion:
Consider the loop, the direction of the electric current (I) and
thoroughly will the prices of electrical components known!

a. According to Kirchhoff's Law II, in a closed circuit is valid

equation:
ε ε + ε IR = 0 (the loop and the direction of electric current for
instance) then:
– ε 1 – ε 2 – ε 3 + ε 4 + I (r1 + R1 + r2 + R2 + r3 + R3 + r4 +
R4) = 0
– 24 – 12 – 6 + 12 + I ( 1 + 20 + 1 + 15 + 0,5 + 12 + 0,5 + 10 )
=0
– 30 + I ( 60 ) = 0
60 . I = 30
I= = 1/2 = 0,5 A

Thus, a strong electric current (I) that flow is 0.5 amperes.

Now we have seen a strong current of electricity flowing over the
circuit wires! Next we'll find a large voltage between two
points!

b. We can calculate the tension between A and D (VBD) for the

travel path B-A-D or B-C-D. To Road B-A-D { Note the price I
negative (–) }
VBD = ε ε + ε I.R
= + ε 2 + ε 1 – I (r2 + R1 + r1 + R4)
= + 12 + 24 – 0,5 (1 + 20 + 1 + 10)
= + 36 – 0,5 (32)
= + 36 – 16
VBD = + 20 Volt

Another Way to determine the large VBD (second street),

namely:
For the street B – C – D:
VBD = ε ε + ε I.R { I here consider the price of positive (+),
why?}
= – ε 3 + ε 4 + I (R2 + r3 + R3 + r4)
= – 6 + 12 + 0,5 (15 + 0,5 + 12 + 0,5)
= + 6 + 0,5 (28)
= + 6 + 14
VBD = + 20 Volt

So is the tension between point B to point D which is VBD + 20

volts, in a similar way you can determine that a large VDB =
– 20 volt = - 20 volts

1. Ohm’s Law

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 DYNAMIC ELECTRICITY Handout

Ohm's law states that a large current flowing in a conductor at fixed

temperature is proportional to the potential difference between the 8
two ends of the conductors

I=V/R

OHM LAW FOR CLOSED CIRCUIT

I=nE I=n
R + n rd R + rd/p

n = many elements that made the series

E = emf (volt)
rd = resistance in the element
R = external resistance
p = number of elements are arranged parallel
From Ohm's law is known, the resistance is inversely proportional to the
amount of current flowing through the resistor.

Ohm’s Law Diagram

Where:
V = voltage in Volt units
I = current in units of Ampere
R = resistance in resistance units
P = power in Watt units

Sample question :
A household buildings using light with a lamp voltage at instalansi
these households is 220 volts, and currents flowing in the lamp is 10
amperes, what is the resistance at these lights, count?
ANSWER:
given:
V = 220 Volt
I = 10 Amperes
Directorate: barriers ... ... ... ... ....?

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 DYNAMIC ELECTRICITY Handout

ANSWER
R = V/I 9
R = 220/10 = 22 ohms
Thus the flow resistance is 22 ohms
2. Barriers (Resistance)
Resistor is the basic electronic components used to limit the amount of
current flowing in a circuit. Resistor is resistive and is generally made
of carbon materials. Unit resistance of a resistor is called Ohm or
represented by the symbol Ω (Omega).
A common form of resistors is like a tube with two feet on the left and
right. In the body there is a circle formed ring color code to find a large
amount of resistance without measuring with an ohmmeter. Color code
is the manufacturing standards issued by EIA (Electronic Industries
Association) as shown in the table below.

Color values in the resistor ring

Colour ring Ring I Rate of 1 Ring II Rate of 2 Ring III

Black 0 0 0 x 100

Brown 1 1 1 x 101 +1%

Red 2 2 2 x 102 +2%

Orange 3 3 3 x 103

Yellow 4 4 4 x 104
Green 5 5 5 x 105

Blue 6 6 6 x 106

Purple 7 7 7 x 107

Grey 8 8 8 x 108

White 9 9 9 x 109

Gold x 10-1 +5%

Silver x 10-2 + 10 %

No colour + 20 %

The amount depends on the size watt resistor or the maximum power
capable of being held by the resistor. Generally in the market available sizes
1 / 8, 1 / 4, 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 watts. Resistor which has a maximum power of
5, 10 and 20 watts is generally shaped white blocks and its resistance in the
body direct printing, such as 1K W 5W.
Example :
The order of the color ring (4 rings resistor color): red purple blue gold

red purple blue gold results

2 7 x 106 +5% 27M Ω ± 5 %

The order of the color ring (5 rings resistor color): brown red black orange
brown

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 DYNAMIC ELECTRICITY Handout

Brown red black orange brown results

10
1 2 0 x 10 3
+1% 120K Ω ±
1%

3. Series resistors
Series of resistors in series will result in the total resistance value is
growing. Below is an example of resistors arranged in series.

Series resistor in series

Series resistor in the circuit applies the formula:

Rtotal = R1 + R2 + R3 + R…
........................................................................................... (1.1)

Series of resistors in parallel will result in the replacement value of

resistance small. Below is an example of resistors that are arranged in
parallel.

Resistor in parallel circuit

In parallel resistor circuit applies the formula:
Rreplacement = 1R1+ 1R2+ 1R3+ 1R…
…................................................................................(1.2)
Sources - sources that are relevant:
1. http://tk.unikom.ac.id/tk-files/download/modul%20praktikum
%20eldas/modul%20I.pdf accessed on February 28, 2010
2. http://basicsphysics.blogspot.com/2009/02/hukum-kirchoff-dan-
hukum-ohm.html accessed on February 28, 2010
3. http://ocw.gunadarma.ac.id/course/computer-science-and-
information/computer-system-s1/listrik-magnet/hukum-kirchoff
accessed on February 28, 2010
4. http://alljabbar.wordpress.com/2008/04/06/hukum-kirchoff-2/
accessed on February 28, 2010
5. http://elcom.umy.ac.id/elschool/muallimin_muhammadiyah/file.php/
1/materi/Fisika/LISTRIK%20DINAMIS%201.pdf accessed on February
28, 2010

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