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PAINTING

Definition of Painting
Painting is the art of applying
colored pigments on to a flat
surface, like a canvas, paper,
wood or plaster.
Purpose of Painting
Painting
is
an
everyday
experience

advertisements,
magazine illustrations and wall
decorations are part of our daily
landscape. In fact, in the mind of
the general public, the term artist
usually connotes the painter; the
term art usually means painting.
For architecture is popularity
thought of as the science of
construction.
While
sculpture
plays a relatively small part in our
modern lives. Whereas painting
has least to do with purely
practical values, and more to do
with decorative aesthetic values.
Thus, painting is the most widely
practiced and appreciated of all
the three visual arts.
Medium of Painting
Painting
painted
painted
fresco
tempera

has four basic media: oil


on canvas, water color
on fine white paper,
on
wet
plaster,
and
on wooden panels.

1. Oil (was discovered by Flemmish


painter Jan van Eyck in the 15 th
century). There are three methods
of painting in all:
a. Direct method - is applied to
the
surface
and
therefore
opaque.
b. Indirect method is put on in
many thin layers of transparent
colors; and therefore rich in
luminous effect.
c. Pointillism is painting in small
dot strokes of opaque paint
close together, so that the eye
of the beholder can mix them
from a distance.
2. Water Color
3. Fresco (painting done on fresh
plaster: a painting on a wall or
ceiling done by rapidly brushing
watercolors onto fresh damp or
partly dry plaster ; technique of
painting on fresh plaster: the

technique or method of painting


on fresh plaster)
4. Tempera is a technique of painting
with colors made from powdered
pigments mixed with water and
egg yolk, size, or casein(one of a
group of proteins found in milk.
Use: in plastics, adhesives, and
paints.)
Medium of Drawing
Drawing is the trace left by a tool
drawn along a surface for the
purpose
of
preparing
a
representation
or
pattern.
It
generally forms the basis of art. To
draw is to outline, to delineate, to
represent a form or shape by means
of light and shadow or within a
simple outline.
The different media for drawing are
as follows:
1. Pencil is the most common.
2. Silverpoint is drawing with a gold
or
silver
wire
on
specially
prepared paper. It is very pale and
delicate in tone.
3. Oriental Sumi in India Ink, which
makes clear crisp lines and
gradation between black and
white.
4. Charcoal is made by roasting
wood in a closed vessel. One of
the oldest drawing media, it
capable of a great variety of tones
from darkest to lightest.
5. Bister is brown pigment made by
mixing soot (dust) from burning
wood with a little binder.
6. Chalk may be white, black or red.
7. Brush is characteristic of Chinese
and Japanese painting, which uses
brush instead of pen to write
calligraphy.
Judgment in Painting
According
to
Bernard
Myers,
whatever the style of painting is,
what we should look for in painting
are the following qualities below:
1. Physical Appeal.
2. Emotional Approach
3. Narrative Factor
4. Art as a visual History
5. Art as a Religious Experience
6. Art as an Intellectual Experience
7. Art as a Symbolic Experience
8. Art as a Cultural Experience
9. A Question of Taste
10.
Difference Between an Artist
and a Craftsman
History of Western Visual Arts

Course: Hum 101B (Art Education)


Prepared by: Ms. Ma. Erica B. Gaytos

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PREHISTORIC ART
The earliest known art forms are
the Cro-Magnon me and allied
Grimaldi
people,
and
other
hunting
societies.
Aurignician
period, named after the village of
Aurignac in South West of France,
starts
about
40,000
B.C.;
Magdalenian, 14000-9000 B.C.,
applies to recent southernmost
French caves, as Font de Gaume;
and northern Spanish caves, as
Altamira.
Cro-Magnon art is widely diffused
over
France,
Spain,
Austria,
Switzerland, Yugoslavia, Sicily and
Southern
Russia.
Recently
discovered rock paintings in the
Sahara
are
also
related
to
Paleolithic Spain.
EGYPTIAN ART
Funerary
arts,
portraits
of
deceased, decoration of tombs;
implements laid into tombs and
sarcophagi
(stone
coffin:
an
ancient stone or marble coffin,
often decorated with sculpture
and
inscriptions).Funerary
sculptures served as substitute
body for mummy of deceased.
Consecrated with Opening of the
Mouth ceremony, and considered
alive. Symbolically, partook of
offering of food. Should mummy
be injured or desecrated, the
statue became the house of the
shadow soul, ka. Canopic jars with
animal or human head, burial jars
for entrails, hearts, children and
animals. Murals portrayed people
in hunting activities or happy
domestic relationships. Substitute
food offerings, banquets with
servants also painted in tomb.
Bas-reliefs covered entrances of
pylon temples, interior of tombs
portrayed
gods
or
favored
activities
of
deceased.
Hieroglyphs arranged in patterns,
part of all-over composition.
MESOPOTAMIAN ART
In
all
its
styles,
Mesopotamian
art
expressed
dynamism
(through wide-open, staring
eyes) and power (through
exaggerated muscles). The
human body reduced to an
ornamental pattern. Animals
often shown fiercely or in
the agony of suffering. A
great sense of ornament
Course: Hum 101B (Art Education)
Prepared by: Ms. Ma. Erica B. Gaytos

and decoration in the minor


arts
and
glazed
bricks
pervaded this whole period.
Dynamic
style,
fearful
expression of faces. An art
to combat demons and
hostile forces, or ritualistic
in purpose. Inner dynamism
and projection of force.
Ritualistic and ceremonial,
emphasized conquest and
brutality.
GREEK ART
a. Formative Periods (Pre-Greek
Aegean)
1. Cretan, 300-1000 B.C.
Nature affirming, vitalistic,
rhythmical
frescoes
of
priests,
priestesses
and
bull-vaulting,
Snake
goddess, precious stone and
clay seals. Motifs taken from
see and nature.
2. Mycenaean, c. 1550-1100
B.C. Link between Cretan
and Hellenic styles. Little
sculptures, some frescoes.
Lion
Gate,
monumental.
Gold
disks
and
masks,
nervous,
restless
line,
expression of the Northern
invaders.
3. Geometric (Cycladic), 300-c.
2000 B.C. Portable, nude
idols, reduced to sharply cut
geometrical
patterns.
Pottery, toys, objects.
b. First Greek Style: Archaic, c.
625-480 B.C.
Egyptian
and
Aegean
influences
Subject matter: Kouros
sculpture (young, nude
male), also called Apollo;
Kore (draped female).
Bas-reliefs of votaries,
gods
in
procession.
Animals,
black-figures
pottery.
c. Fifth Century B.C., First Half
Transitional Style: 480
-450 B.C.
Same
subject
as
in
Archaic. Bodies acquired
movement and showed
more
anatomical
knowledge.
d. Golden Age, 450-400 B.C.
High point of classic style
e. Hellenistic Period, Fourth to
First Centuries B.C.
ROMAN ART

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a. Etruscan, 100-Second Century


B.C. Etruscans from Eastern
Mediterranean invaded Italy
before 1000 B.C. Introduced
ancestor worship, catacombs,
sarcophagi.
Preference
for
sharp
forms,
elongated,
striding figures, grotesques.
Catacomb frescoes in strong
colors, banquet scenes and
deceased flanked by animals.
Imagines
(wax
marks)
of
deceased
worshipped
upon
household altar.
b. Roman, Second Century B.C.-c.
A.D. 400 Roman art inherited
Etruscan
ancestor
worship,
sarcophagi,
and
portraiture
based upon wax impressions
(imagines).
c. Late Period, Fourth Century
A.D. to Fifth Century A.D.
Slow
orientalizaton
and
barbarization.
Style
turned
oriental and symbolic.
EARLY CHRISTIAN ART
Christianity brought into
the
Western
Mediterranean, an otherwordly
ideal,
emphasizing the spirit
over the flesh; faith over
position; salvation over
power. It inherited many
motifs from Greece and
Rome,
but
transform
them to express new
ideal. The first Christian
art was done by pagan
artists. There were no
proven
portrayals
of
Christ before the 4th
century,
A.D.
Some
frescoes
in
the
catacombs antedated the
Edict of Milan in 313 A.D.
Art required a didactic
function.
There
were
local schools established
in
Rome,
Alexandria,
Antioch
and
various
monasteries.
The Early Christian style
continues the Western
classic
traditions.
It
concentrates
upon
spiritual
expression
rather
than
physical
beauty.
ROMANESQUE ART
After Barbarian invasion,
the
north
of
Europe
isolated; recovers slowly.
Course: Hum 101B (Art Education)
Prepared by: Ms. Ma. Erica B. Gaytos

People and artists turned


to a fantastic world of
sacred figures, demons,
devils,
witchcraft
and
superstitions,
strange
legends
and
customs.
Rise
of
church
decoration,
chivalry,
courtly love, heraldry,
derived from Arabic East
via Spain.
BYZANTIZE ART
Byzantium (oriental half
of Roman Empire); from
founding
of
Constantinople (330 A.D.)
to conquest by the Turks
(1453).
The
fantastic
predominated.
No
abstractions from nature,
but
Northern
fantasy
mixed
with
classic,
Byzantine
and
Far
Eastern elements. The
emotionalism
and
mysticism of this period
reflects in an ecstatic,
contorted
style.
Fortresses of the spirit;
style expresses in its
heaviness, darkness, and
horizontally an age that
had
not
completely
shaken off the gloom of
the Dark Ages. Somber
mood, massive in form.
Introduction of ribbed
vaults facilitated height
and width, preparing the
way for the Gothic.
GOTHIC ART
Growing economic security,
revival of towns and trade.
Art
subordinated
to
cathedral.
Illustrated
bestiaries,
fanciful interpretations of
animal world. Beliefs in
witchcraft,
alchemy
and
occult
powers
of
stars
current in all circles.
RENAISSANCE ART
Renaissance is not only a
rebirth, but a birth of a new
scientific outlook on nature,
man and the universe.
Art rises to independent,
personal
expression
of
individual
artists.
This
freedom is characterized by
idiosyncrasies of style and
by
drawing
upon
new
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sources of inspiration as
classic
past
and
NeoPlatonism. Early renaissance
linear
and
calm;
High
renaissance painterly and
dramatic.
Scientific
discovery of natural world
results in discovery of the
landscape.
Art
enters
experimental
stage.
New
colors
discovered,
free
brush
strokes
used,
forms
modeled
in
color
and
chiaroscuro,
canvas
introduced.
BAROQUE ART
Baroque art, although in the
service
of
the
Church,
introduced new freedoms in
the treatment of figures and
space. Catholic art is more
dramatic
and
sensual;
Protestant art, except for
genre, is more inward and
mystical. Light and shadow
take precedence over color.
Baroque art is a powerful
affirmative style, filled with
inner energy. It is a period
of
opposing
movement,
religious,
as
well
as
scientific.
ROCOCO ART
Period of American and
French Revolutions
Rococo represented a filmy
ideal of color and eroticism
of motif. Light-hearted and
with a brighter scheme, it
expressed
the
formal
elegance of the Eighteen
Century.
The
Neoclassic
style opposed tis in subject
matter and color exalting
the virtues of classic Rome.
Genre painters studied the
intimate world of the home,
achieved
the
most
painterly
and
honest
works of this period.
ROMANTICISM
After the French revolution
and Industrial Revolution,
the middle classes began to
patronize and enjoy art.
Freedom
of
conscience
followed
political
and
economic freedom. Artists
stressed
their
subjective
reactions to nature, which
became a cult. Rejecting the
ethical
ideals
of
Course: Hum 101B (Art Education)
Prepared by: Ms. Ma. Erica B. Gaytos

Neoclassicism,
Romantic
painters preferred to dream
and to experiment. The
Renaissance ideal of the
artist
an
individual
returned, and with it the
search for originality.
Romanticism, therefore, is a
revolution
in
color
and
subject matter, opened the
way for the artists of the
later Nineteenth Century by
giving them the freedom to
express and to experiment.
REALISM
Modern art starts with the
scientific study of nature by
the Realists which led to a
new,
vast
palette,
new
textures and new subject
matter. Realism is the first
style in which the artists
painted
out
of
doors.
Photography demonstrated
the wealth of forms of
nature which artists studied
in
their
own
way.
Photographers
tried
to
compete
with
painting
rather than vice versa.
MODERN ART
We are the modern men. Yet
what is our inheritance? To
what are we heir?
We
are
the
heirs
to
everything that the Orient
has achieved, during tens of
thousands of years.
We are heirs to everything
that Greece has thought and
felt.
We are the heirs that
everything that Rome has
taken
pleasure
in
and
suffered
We are the heirs to the cries
of victory of the medieval
ages
And of course, we are also
the heirs to the bitter
laughter of triumph and
defeat of the Modern Times
The modern point of view is
conditioned by freedom in
the
political
sphere.
Beginning
with
Impressionism, this sense of
liberation characterized by
protest,
experimentation
and retreat into the inner
self, particularizes modern
art.

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Modern art is distinguished


by
the
following
characteristics:
1. It emphasizes technique,
methods and materials
rather than the subject
matter of art.
2. It manifests extremely
individual
attitudes,
which are relative and
indeterminate.
3. It is a reaction against
the status quo, an attack
against accepted values.
4. Its subject matter, if
there is any, is directly
inspired by the visual
aspect of reality. It is
seldom an imitation of
nature.
5. Its artists develop new
resources
to
become
introspective and original
in their battle for style.
IMPRESSIONISM
A revolutionary aesthetic
movement
arose
around
1863
in
France,
and
flourished
into
Impressionism,
when
applied in painting and
music, or symbol, when
applied in literature.
Sources of Impressionism:
1. Impressionism
was
a
product
of
generation
stimulated by Realism.
2. Impressionism
was
rooted in Naturalism
3. Impressionism
was
influenced
by
the
analytical
scientific
discoveries of color and
light,
specifically
the
light theories of Maxwell
and the color theories of
physical
and
psychological optics.
4. The visual source of
composition
in
Impressionism paintings
was Oriental color prints.

SCULPTURE
Definition of Sculpture
Sculpture is the art of producing
statues,
memorials
and
ornaments from stone, metal,
wood or other materials by
carving, molding, casting and
construction.
Course: Hum 101B (Art Education)
Prepared by: Ms. Ma. Erica B. Gaytos

Purpose of Sculpture
Ancient sculpture has a practical
purpose, so it seem as to be more
meaningful than modern sculpture
In prehistoric times, the cavemen
carved weapons with images of
animal to make them more
effective in killing prey
In Egypt and Greece, the sculptors
created statues of gods in human
form, because they believed gods
were created in the image of men.
Materials of Sculpture
1. Stone
2. Metals
3. Wood
4. Ivory
5. Terra Cotta
6. Modern
experiment
in
new
medium (e.g., Cast lead, copper
wire, black porphyry, cast stone,
wrought iron aluminum, glass,
steel plastics).

ARCHITECTURE
Definition of Architecture
Architecture is the science and
art
of
building
houses,
churches, bridges and other
structures.
Purpose of Architecture
Architecture is the only one of
the three visual arts that can
be called practical. Sculpture
and painting can be put to
practical use; but architecture
is always useful.
One of the primary purposes of
Architecture id to satisfy the
fundamental human need for
shelter a need next only to
food among mans instinct for
self-preservation.
It
follows
then that architecture must be
judged by the extent it fills the
need for shelter.

Materials of Architecture
The earliest architects like the
architect
of
today,
used
construction materials that were
close at hand and in good supply.
Wood at the very outset looks like
a workable structural material.

Page 5 of 6

Stone men originally found


shelter under stone ledges and in
the mouths of caves.
Brick constitutes one of the
earliest manufactured materials

Course: Hum 101B (Art Education)


Prepared by: Ms. Ma. Erica B. Gaytos

In modern times, though, building


materials are factory-made and
architects depend less and less on
local materials.
Sources: JOSEPHINE ACOSTA-PASRICHA AND TOMAS C.
HERNANDEZ. An INTRODUCTION: ART APPRECIATION AND
AESTHETICS (1981). PAGES 28-189. ; Microsoft Encarta
2009. 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

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