Ahmad El-Banna

Benha University
Faculty of Engineering at Shoubra

Lecture #3
BJT Biasing Circuits
Instructor:
Dr. Ahmad El-Banna

October 2014

ECE-312
Electronic Circuits (A)

Transistor DC Bias Configurations

Design Operations
Various BJT Circuits
Troubleshooting Techniques & Bias Stabilization
Practical Applications

Ahmad El-Banna

Operating Point

ECE-312 , Lec#3 , Oct 2014

Agenda

 Basic Relationships/formulas for a transistor:

Biasing means applying of dc voltages to establish a fixed level of

current and voltage. >>> Q-Point

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Any increase in ac voltage, current, or power is the result of a

transfer of energy from the applied dc supplies.
The analysis or design of any electronic amplifier therefore has two
components: a dc and an ac portion.

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Introduction

Transistor Regions Operation:

1. Linear-region operation:
Baseemitter junction forward-biased
Basecollector junction reverse-biased

2. Cutoff-region operation:
Baseemitter junction reverse-biased
Basecollector junction reverse-biased

3.Saturation-region operation:
Baseemitter junction forward-biased
Basecollector junction forward-biased

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For transistor amplifiers the resulting dc current and voltage

establish an operating point on the characteristics that define the
region that will be employed for amplification of the applied signal.
Because the operating point is a fixed point on the characteristics, it
is also called the quiescent point (abbreviated Q-point).

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Operating Point

 Ahmad El-Banna

Fixed-Bias Configuration
Emitter-Bias Configuration
Voltage-Divider Bias Configuration
Collector Feedback Configuration
Emitter-Follower Configuration
Common-Base Configuration
Miscellaneous Bias Configurations

TRANSISTOR DC BIAS CONFIGURATIONS

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Fixed-bias circuit.

Baseemitter loop.

DC equivalent ct.

Collectoremitter loop.

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Fixed-Bias Configuration

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Fixed-Bias Configuration Example

Saturation regions:
(a) Actual
(b) approximate.

Determining ICsat

Determining ICsat for the fixed-bias configuration.

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Transistor Saturation

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Fixed-Bias Configuration ...

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Load Line Analysis

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Fixed-Bias Configuration ...

BJT bias circuit with emitter resistor.

Base-Emitter Loop

DC equivalent ct

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Emitter-Bias Configuration

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Collector-Emitter Loop

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Emitter-Bias Configuration

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The addition of the emitter resistor to

the dc bias of the BJT provides
improved stability, that is, the dc bias
currents and voltages remain closer to
where they were set by the circuit
when outside conditions, such as
temperature and transistor beta,
change.

Saturation Level
Load Line Analysis

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Improved bias stability (check example 4.5)

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Emitter-Bias Configuration

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DC components of the
voltage-divider configuration.

Exact Analysis

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Voltage-divider
bias configuration.

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Voltage-Divider Configuration

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Transistor Saturation

Load-Line Analysis

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Approximate Analysis

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Voltage-Divider Configuration

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Voltage-Divider Configuration Example

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 CollectorEmitter Loop

BaseEmitter Loop

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DC bias circuit with

voltage feedback.

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Collector Feedback Configuration

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Saturation Conditions
Using the approximation IC = IC

Load-Line Analysis

Continuing with the approximation

IC = IC results in the same load
line defined for the voltage-divider
and emitter-biased configurations.
The level of IBQ is defined by the
chosen bias configuration.

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Collector Feedback Configuration

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dc equivalent ct
i/p ct

o/p ct

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Common-collecter
(emitter-follower) configuration.

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Emitter-Follower Configuration

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Common-base configuration

i/p ct

Determining VCB & VCE

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Common-Base Configuration

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MISCELLANEOUS BIAS CONFIGURATIONS

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Summary Table

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Summary Table..

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DESIGN OPERATION
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 Ahmad El-Banna

Discussions thus far have focused on the analysis of existing networks.

All the elements are in place, and it is simply a matter of solving for the
current and voltage levels of the configuration.
The design process is one where a current and/or voltage may be
specified and the elements required to establish the designated levels
must be determined.
The design sequence is obviously sensitive to the components that are
already specified and the elements to be determined. If the transistor
and supplies are specified, the design process will simply determine
the required resistors for a particular design.
Once the theoretical values of the resistors are determined, the
nearest standard commercial values are normally chosen and any
variations due to not using the exact resistance values are accepted as
part of the design.

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Design Operations

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Design Operations Example

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Design of a Current-Gain-Stabilized (Beta-Independent) Circuit

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Design Operations Example..

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 Ahmad El-Banna

Bipolar Transistor Constant-Current Source

Transistor/Zener Constant-Current Source

PNP TRANSISTORS
TRANSISTOR SWITCHING NETWORKS

VARIOUS BJT CIRCUITS

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MULTIPLE BJT NETWORKS

CURRENT MIRRORS
CURRENT SOURCE CIRCUITS

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RC coupling

Darlington configuration

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MULTIPLE BJT NETWORKS

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MULTIPLE BJT NETWORKS..

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Feedback Pair

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MULTIPLE BJT NETWORKS

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Direct Coupled

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MULTIPLE BJT NETWORKS.

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CURRENT MIRRORS

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 Bipolar Transistor
Constant-Current Source

Transistor/Zener
Constant-Current Source

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CURRENT SOURCE CIRCUITS

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TRANSISTOR SWITCHING
NETWORKS

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pnp
TRANSISTORS

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TRANSISTOR SWITCHING NETWORKS..

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TROUBLESHOOTING TECHNIQUES
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For an on transistor, the voltage VBE should be in the neighborhood of 0.7 V.

For the typical transistor amplifier in the active region, VCE is usually about 25% to
75% of VCC .

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TROUBLESHOOTING TECHNIQUES

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 Ahmad El-Banna

The stability of a system is a measure of the sensitivity of a network

to variations in its parameters.
In any amplifier employing a transistor the collector current IC is
sensitive to each of the following parameters:

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BIAS STABILIZATION

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emitter-bias configuration

there is a reaction to an increase

in IC that will tend to oppose the
change in bias conditions.

feedback configuration

fixed-bias configuration
a stabilizing effect as described for
the emitter-bias configuration.

the level of IC would continue

to rise with temperature, with
IB maintaining a fairly constant
valuea very unstable situation.

voltage-divider bias
The most stable of the
configurations

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BIAS STABILIZATION .. S(Ico)

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For fixed-bias

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BIAS STABILIZATION .. S(VBE)& S()

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PRACTICAL APPLICATION

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BJT Diode Usage and Protective Capabilities

Relay Driver
Light Control
Maintaining a Fixed Load Current
Alarm System with a CCS
Voltage Level Indicator
Logic Gates

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Relay Driver

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BJT Diode Usage and Protective Capabilities

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Practical Application

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Light Control

Maintaining a Fixed Load Current

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Practical Application..

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 Ahmad El-Banna

Alarm System with a CCS

Voltage Level Indicator

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Practical Application

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Logic Gates

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Practical Application.

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 The lecture is available online at:

https://speakerdeck.com/ahmad_elbanna

For inquires, send to:

ahmad.elbanna@fes.bu.edu.eg
ahmad.elbanna@ejust.edu.eg

Ahmad El-Banna

Chapter 4 at R. Boylestad, Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory,

11th edition, Prentice Hall.

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For more details, refer to:

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