Cairo University

Faculty of Engineering
Aerospace Department
Master of Science Degree

Advanced Aerodynamics
Sheet ( 1 )

Prepared by

Ahmed Elsadek Ahmed

Supervised by

Dr. Hesham Elbanna

1
In this problem we wish to convert the energy equation for a real process to the
following form
i 1

dq
d h
w
~ .V~ )
=
ue + + gz .(e
dt
dt
2


0
1~
dWk dW
k
+
.(e
.V~ )
Which means that we wish to convert
t
t

Recall energy equation for a real process,

k dW
0
dq
de dW
k
=
+
+
dt
dt
dt
dt

(1.1)

v2
+ gz
where, e : the total energy, e = ue +
2

dWk
dWk0
: the reversible work and
: the irreversible work
dt
dt
For the reversible work term,


k
dW
1~
1

= .(P V~ ) =
(u) +
(v) + (w)
dt

x
y
z

(1.2)

while the irreversible work term is defined as

0
dW
1~
k
= .(e
.V~ )
dt

(1.3)

First, lets find the value of e.V~ ,

xx xy xz
u
~

e.V = yx yy yz . v
zx yz zz
w

uxx + vxy + wxz

e.V~ = uyx + vyy + wyz
uzx + vyz + wzz 31



uxx + vxy + wxz
~ .V~ ) = , ,
uyx + vyy + wyz
.(e
x y z 13
uzx + vyz + wzz 31

(uxx ) +
(vxy ) +
(wxz )
x
x
x

+
(uyx ) +
(vyy ) +
(wyz )
y
y
y

+ (uzx ) + (vzy ) + (wzz )

z
z
z

~ .V~ ) =
.(e

(1.4)

Adding the terms of reversible and irreversible work gives, i.e. adding (1.3) and
(1.4) divided by
1


0
k dW
dW
1
k
+
=
(u (P + xx ) + vxy + wxz )

t
t
x

+
(yyx + v (P + yy ) + wyz )
y


(uzx + vzy + w (P zz ))
+
z

(1.5)

Pressure can be expressed in terms of pressure,

e = P Ie + e, which means that
xx
yy
zz
xy
yx
zx

= p + xx
= p + yy
= p + zz
= xy , xz = xz
= yx , yz = yz
= zx , zy = zy

(1.6)

Substituting (1.6) in (1.5) give,


0
k dW
1
dW
k
+
=
(u (xx ) + vxy + wxz )

t
t
x

(yyx + v (yy ) + wyz )

+
y


+
(uzx + vzy + w (zz ))
z
1~
= .(e
.V~ )

(1.7)

substitute (1.7) in (1.1) to get,




dq
d
v2
1~
=
ue +
+ gz .(e
.V~ )
dt
dt
2

(1.8)

2
a) we wish to write the following equation for 1D unsteady flow
 

dq

d
d 1
+ = (Cv T ) + P
dt
dt
dt

(2.1)

1D flow means that V~ = ui only. In

with a velocity vector V~ = ui + vj + wk,
order to apply the value of V~ to equation (2.1), we need first to show the velocity
terms embedded in this equation.
Terms of velocity vector, in fact only one in this problem, can be found in the total
derivative terms, plus the continuity equation may be utilized for this purpose.
Considering the continuity equation,
~ ~
+ .V = 0
t

~ V~ ) + V~ .(,
~ ) = 0

+ (.
t

+ u + v + w + (ux + vy + wz ) = 0
t
x
y
z

using, v = vy = w = wz = 0

+u
+
=0
t
x
x
1

u
= ( +u )

x
t
x

because

=
+u
dt
t
x
u
1
d

=
=
x
t
dt
d

dt

 
1

 
1
1 u
=

(2.2)

Now we have the total derivative of the density in terms of velocity, the total
derivative of the internal energy also can be expanded to show the velocity component. The problem now lies in showing the velocity components of the left hand
side, two things may be used. One, we could have equation (17) from the lecture
notes, so that equation (2.1) will reduce to
due
d(Cv T )
=
dt
dt
Option two is to utilize equation (19) in the lecture notes, which implies that
T

ds
dq

=
+
dt
dt

Expanding the total derivative of the entropy term in (2.3) becomes,

(2.3)

ds
s
s
= T( + u )
dt
t
x
Substituting (2.2) and (2.4) in (2.1),


 
s
s
d(Cv T )
d(Cv T ) P u
T
+u
=
+u
+
t
x
dt
dx
x
T

(2.4)

(2.5)

for a perfect gas

P
= RT = ( 1)Cv T

(2.6)

Substituting (2.6) in (2.5) gives,



s
s
Cv T
T
u
+u
=
+u
+ ( 1)T
t
x
T t
x
x

(2.7)

b) In this problem we wish to convert this equation

 

d
d 1
dq
+ = (Cv T ) + P
dt
dt
dt

(2.8)

to the non-dimensional form, this will be done by selecting specific non-dimensional

groups to be substituted in this equation. Scaling parameters have to be set first
Scaling Parameter
Description
Primary Dimensions
L
Characteristic length
[L]
V
Characteristic speed
[LT 1 ]
f
Characteristic frequency
[T 1 ]
PR
Reference pressure
[M L3 T 2 ]
R
Density
[M 1 L1 T 2 ]
For the dissipation term, the definition used by Schlichting will be utilized here
t = f t

~q
qR
P
P =
PR

~q =

V~
V~ =
V

L2
=

R V 2

(2.9)

~ = L
~

arranging (2.9) to on the form

1
t
f
V~ = V V~
R V 2

=
L2

~q = qR ~q

t=

P = P P
~ = 1
~

(2.10)

Substituting (2.10) in (2.8) gives

 

dq
R V 2
d
PR d
1

f qR +
= f CVR TR (CV T ) + f
2

dt
R L
dt
R dt
Substituting qR = CPR TR in (2.11) and multiplying by

(2.11)

L
yields to
V3





fL
CPR TR
d
R

(CV T ) +
2

V
V
dt
R V L
 

 

 

fL
CVR
d
fL
P
d
1
CPR TR

=
(CV T ) +
2

V
CPR
V
dt
V
V
dt


Considering the following non-dimensional numbers

(2.12)

fL
V
V 2
Ru =
P
V L
Re =

V2
Ec =
CP TR
Sr =

(2.13)

Substituting (2.13) in (2.12) gives




 

 

1
Sr dq
1
1 Sr d
Sr d

+
=
(C
T
)
+
V
Ec dt
[Re]
Ec dt
Ru dt

(2.14)

3
The dissipation function can be expressed using the following formula,

1
~ V~
e :

(3.1)

The stress tensor e can be expressed in terms of viscosity and velocity using stress
strain rate relation with stokes hypothesis as follows,
2 ~ ~ e
~ V~ + (
~ V~ )T ]
e = (.
V )I + [
3
Working on the first term of (3.2)

0
~ V~ )Ie = ( i + j + k).(u
i + vj + wk)
(.
x
y
z
0
u v w
+ y + z
0
0
x
v
w
u
~
~
e

+ y + z
0
0
(.V )I =
x
u
v
0
0
+ y
x

(3.2)

0 0
1 0
0 1

(3.3)

w
z

For the second term, gradient of velocity vector, gives

u u u
x

v
~ V~ =

w
x

y
v
y
w
y

z
v
z
w
z

(3.4)

consequently, the transpose of (3.4),

u
x
u
~ V~ )T =
(
y
u
z

v
x
v
y
v
z

w
x
w
y
w
z

(3.5)

Adding (3.4) and (3.5), yields to

2ux
vx + uy wx + uz
~ V~ ) + (
~ V~ )T = uy + vx
2vy
wy + vz
(
uz + wx vz + wy
2wz

(3.6)

Substituting (3.3) and (3.6) in (3.2), gives

ux + vy + wz
0
0
2

0
ux + vy + wz
0
e =
3
0
0
ux + vy + wz

2ux
vx + uy wx + uz

2vy
wy + vz
+ uy + vx
uz + wx vz + wy
2wz

(3.7)

By substituting (3.4) and (3.7) in (3.1), and using Matlab, Dissipation function
will have the following form
7


4 ux 2 4 ux vy 4 ux wz
=

+ uy 2 + 2 uy vx + uz 2

3
3
3
4 vy 2
+ 2 uz wx + vx 2 +
3
4 wz 2
4 vy wz
2
2
2
+ vz + 2 vz wy + wx + wy +

3
3
Simplifying,

4
= (u2x + vy2 + wz2 ux vy ux wz vy wz )

3
+ 2(uy vx + uz wx + vz wy )
+ u2y + u2z + vx2 + vz2 + wx2 + wy2

(3.8)

Matlab code for problem 3

clear all; close all; clc;
syms T u_x u_y u_z v_x v_y v_z w_x w_y w_z
a= - 2 / 3 * [u_x + v_y + w_z , 0
, 0 ;
0
, u_x + v_y + w_z , 0 ;
0
, 0
, u_x + v_y + w_z] ;
b = [2*u_x
, v_x + u_y , w_x + u_z ;
u_y + v_x , 2*v_y
, w_y + v_z ;
u_z + w_x , v_z + w_y , 2*w_z ];
T = a + b;
grad_v = [ u_x, u_y, u_z;
v_x, v_y, v_z;
w_x, w_y, w_z];
DF = trace (T * grad_v);
pretty(simplify(DF))

4
The rate of work done against viscous stresses is the irreversible work rate term
with the e term,

0
dW
1~
k
= .(e
.V~ )
dt

(4.1)

This equation was written before in terms of the stress tensor components in
0
dW
k
, stress
equation (1.4). Now, to write a complete expression for the term
dt
tensor components have to be written in terms of velocity components, the thing
which was already done in equation (3.7), by simplifying (3.7),

4 ux 2 vy
3
xx xy xz
3
yx yy yz =
uy + vx
zx yz zz
uz + wx

2 wz
3

4 vy
3

uy + vx
2 3ux
vz + wy

2 wz
3

4 wz
3

uz + wx
vz + wy
2 3vy

2 ux
3

(4.2)
The next step is to substitute (4.2) in (1.4), using Matlab,




0
dW

2 vy 4 ux 2 wz
k

=
v (uy + vx ) + w (uz + wx ) u

+
dt
x
3
3
3




2 ux 4 vy 2 wz
+

+
u (uy + vx ) + w (vz + wy ) v
y
3
3
3



2 ux 2 vy 4 w z

u (uz + wx ) + v (vz + wy ) w
+
z
3
3
3
The problem is solved using Matlab code

(4.3)

10
Starting from the incompressible Navier-Stokes momentum equation with gravity
included,
DV~
~ + 2 V~
~ v
= P
Dt
we wish to reach the following non-dimensional form

[Sr]

DV~
1 ~
1 ~
1
=
2 V~
P +
v
Dt
[Ru]
[Re]
[F r]

(10.1)

(10.2)

This can be done by choosing the proper scaling parameters

Scaling Parameter
Description
Primary Dimensions
L
Characteristic length
[L]
V
Characteristic speed
[LT 1 ]
f
Characteristic frequency
[T 1 ]
P
Reference pressure
[M L3 T 2 ]
lg
Weight per unit area
[M 1 L1 T 2 ]


Since the dimensions of (10.1) are force per unit volume M L2 T 2 , to nondimensionalize the last term of (10.1), it must be divided by weight per unit area.
The scaling parameters are used to define non-dimensional variables as follows
~x
L
P
P =
P

t = f t

~x =

V~
V~ =
V
V
V =
lg

(10.3)

~ = L
~

Writing (10.3) with non-dimensional as independent variables, we get

1
t
f
V~ = V V~
t=

~x = L ~x
P = P P
~ = 1
~

V = lg V

(10.4)

Substituting (10.4) in (10.1) gives

DV~
P ~
V ~ 2 ~ Lg ~
=
P + 2
V
V

Dt
L
L
L
L
times
V 2




 
P ~

gL ~
2 ~
~
=
P +
V
V
2
V
V L
V2

f V
Multiplying (10.5)



f L DV~
V
Dt

10

(10.5)

(10.6)

Strouhals, Raurks, Reynolds and Froudes numbers are defined as follows respectively
fL
V
V 2
Ru =
P
V L
Re =

V
Fr =
gL
Sr =

(10.7)

Substituting the values of (10.7) in (10.6) yields to

[Sr]

DV~
1 ~
1 ~ 2 ~
1 ~
=
P +
V
V

Dt
[Ru]
[Re]
[F r]2

which is identical to (10.2)

11

(10.8)

11
Neumann and Dirichlet boundary conditions
When using a Dirichlet boundary condition, one prescribes the value of a
variable at the boundary e.g. u( x ) = constant.
When using a Neumann boundary condition, one prescribes the gradient
normal to the boundary of a variable at the boundary,e.g. n u(x) .
When using a mixed boundary condition a function of the form au(x) +
bn u(x) = constant.
Pressure boundary conditions
Pressure boundary conditions Pabsolute = Pstatic + Poperating
The operating pressure input is set separately.
Useful when:
Neither the flow rate nor the velocity are known (e.g. buoyancy-driven
flows).
A free boundary in an external or unconfined flow needs to be defined.
Velocity Inlets
Defines velocity vector and scalar properties of flow at inlet boundaries.
Useful when velocity profile is known at inlet. Uniform profile is default but
other profiles can be implemented too.
Intended for incompressible flows. The total (stagnation) properties of flow
are not fixed. Stagnation properties vary to accommodate prescribed velocity distribution. Using in compressible flows can lead to non-physical
results.
Avoid placing a velocity inlet too close to a solid obstruction. This can force
the solution to be non-physical.
Outflow boundary
Outflow boundary conditions are used to model flow exits where the details
of the flow velocity and pressure are not known prior to solution of the flow
problem.
Appropriate where the exit flow is close to a fully developed condition, as
the outflow boundary condition assumes a zero normal gradient for all flow
variables except pressure. The solver extrapolates the required information
from interior.
Furthermore, an overall mass balance correction is applied.
12

Other inlet and outlet boundary conditions

Mass flow inlet.
Used in compressible flows to prescribe mass flow rate at inlet.
Not required for incompressible flows.
Pressure far field.
Available when density is calculated from the ideal gas law.
Used to model free-stream compressible flow at infinity, with free stream
Mach number and static conditions specified.
Exhaust fan/outlet vent.
Model external exhaust fan/outlet vent with specified pressure jump/loss
coefficient and ambient (discharge) pressure and temperature.
Inlet vent/intake fan.
Model inlet vent/external intake fan with specified loss coefficient/ pressure jump, flow direction, and ambient (inlet) pressure and temperature.
Wall boundaries
Used to bound fluid and solid regions.
In viscous flows, no-slip condition enforced at walls.
Tangential fluid velocity equal to wall velocity.
Normal velocity component is set to be zero.
Alternatively one can specify the shear stress.
Thermal boundary condition.
Several types available.
Wall material and thickness can be defined for 1-D or in-plane thin
plate heat transfer calculations.
Wall roughness can be defined for turbulent flows.
Wall shear stress and heat transfer based on local flow field.
Translational or rotational velocity can be assigned to wall.
Symmetry boundaries
Used to reduce computational effort in problem.
Flow field and geometry must be symmetric:
Zero normal velocity at symmetry plane.
13

 Zero normal gradients of all variables at symmetry plane.

No inputs required.
Must take care to correctly define symmetry boundary locations.
Also used to model slip walls in viscous flow.
Moving zones
For single zone problems use the rotating reference frame model. Define the
whole zone as moving reference frame. This has limited applicability.
For multiple zone problems each zone can be specified as having a moving
reference frame:
Multiple reference frame model. Least accurate, least demanding on
CPU.
Mixing plane model. Field data are averaged at the outlet of one zone
and used as inlet boundary data to adjacent zone.
Or each zone can be defined as moving mesh using the sliding mesh model.
Must then also define interface. Mesh positions are calculated as a function
of time. Relative motion must be tangential (no normal translation).

14