MAE 91 Summer 2013

Problem Set 2: Solutions

Problem 1
Fill out the following table for substance water:


Case P [kPa] T [ C] v m3/kg
(a)
500
20
0.001002
(b)
500
151.86
0.20
(c)
1400
200
0.14302
(d)
8581
300
0.01762
Write down the solutions in detail.

Undened
0.532
Undened
0.8

I. Problem description
Given:

Find

a. v, x =?

a.

P = 500kPa, T = 20 C

b.

P = 500kPa, v = 0.20m /kg

b. T , x =?

c.

P = 1400kPa, T = 200 C

c. v, x =?

d.

T = 300 C , x = 0.80

d.

P, v

II. Analytical and Numerical Solution

a. From Table B.1.1, at 20 C , P

> Psat = 2.3kPa: Compressed liquid.

1 From Table B.1.4, P = 500kPa and T = 20 C v = 0.001002m /kg

2 If compressed table is not available, use saturated liquid information (enter with temperature
3

only), then from Table B.1.1, vl@20 C = 0.001002m3/kg.

b. From Table B.1.2, vf

x=

vvf
vf g

< v < vg , then it is a two phase L+V mixture.

0.20.001093
0.3738

= 0.532

T = Tsat@500kPa = 151.86 C

c. From Table B.1.1 Psat@200

= 1553.8kPa > 1400kPa Superheated vapor

From Table B.1.2 Tsat@1400kPa = 195 C < 200 C Superheated vapor

From Table B.1.3 v@1400kPa,200 C = 0.14302m3/kg

d. Saturated L+V mixture, vf @300

= 0.001404m /kg, vf g@300 C = 0.02027m /kg

3

v = vf + x vf g = 0.01762m /kg, and Psat@300 C = 8581.0kPa

3

MAE 91 Summer 2013

Problem Set 2: Solutions

Problem 2
Water at 400kPa with a quality of 25% has its temperature raised 20 C in a constant-pressure process.
What is the new quality and specic volume?

I Problem description
Known:

T = 20 C

Water

Unknown:

P1 = 400kPa

T1 =?

x1 = 0.25

T2 =?

Constant pressure process

x2 =?

P2 = 400kPa

v2 =?

II. Analytical Solution

Conditions at state 1: saturated L+V water mixture, table B.1.2.
T1 = Tsat@P1
v1 = vf @P1 + x1 vf g@P1

State 2: The temperature is increased at constant pressure, it is superheated vapor, table B.1.3.
T2 = T1 + T
v2 = v@T2 ,P1

III. Numerical solution

State 1:
Tsat@400kPa = 143.63 C , vf @400kPa = 0.001084m /kg,vg@400kPa = 0.46138m /kg
3

v1 = 0.126185m /kg

State 2:
T2 = 143.63 C + 20 C = 163.63 C

For the specic volume, interpolation is required,

m
v2 = 0.47084 + (0.53422 0.47084) 163.63150
200150 = 0.4881 /kg
3

MAE 91 Summer 2013

Problem Set 2: Solutions

Problem 3
A pressure cooker has the lid screwed on tight. A small opening with A = 5mm2 is covered with
a petcock that can be lifted to let steam escape. How much mass should the petcock have to allow
boiling at 120 C with an outside atmosphere at 101.3kPa?

I Problem description
Given:

Figure

Area A = 5mm2
T = 120 C
Patm = 101.3kPa
Unknown:
Pin =?
mp =?

II. Analytical Solution

A force balance on the petcock shows:
Pin A Patm A mp g = 0

Solving for mp
mp =

A
(Pin Patm )
g

The Pressure inside is found on Table B.1.1 (Saturated mixture) Pin = P@T

III. Numerical solution

Pin = P@120 C = 198.5kPa
mp =

5106
9.807

(198.5 101.3)

mp = 0.0496kg

MAE 91 Summer 2013

Problem Set 2: Solutions

Problem 4
Helium in a steel tank is at 250kPa, 300K with a volume of 0.1m3 . It is used to ll a balloon. When
the pressure drops to 125kPa, the ow of helium stops by itself. If all the helium still is at 300K, how
big a balloon did is produced?

I Problem description
Given:

P2 = 125kPa

Helium

T2 = 300K
Find:

P1 = 250kPa
T1 = 300K
V1 = 0.1m

V2 =?

Final volume of the balloon.

II. Assumption
Isothermal process at T = 300K. Helium can be treated as an ideal gas.

III. Analytical Solution

For the state 1, m =
m=

P1 V1
RT1

V1
v1 ,

or from ideal gas P V = mRT ,

For the state 2, T2 = T1 , and considering the same amount of mass, m2 = m, and V2 > V1 , so
V2 =

mRT2
P2

For the balloon, since the volume of the tank does not change,
V1 = Vtank
V2 = Vtank + Vballoon

So,
Vballon = V2 V1

IV. Numerical solution

For helium, R = 2.0771kJ/kg K.
m=

2500.1
2.0771300

= 0.0401kg

State 2:
V2 =

0.04012.0771300
125

= 0.2m3

Vballon = V2 V1 = 0.2 0.1

Vballon = 0.1m3

MAE 91 Summer 2013

Problem Set 2: Solutions

Problem 5
Consider two tanks, A and B, connected by a valve, as shown in gure. Each has a volume of 200 L
and tank A has R-410a at 25 C , 10% liquid and 90% vapor by volume, while tank B is evacuated. The
valve is now opened and saturated vapor ows from A to B until the pressure in B has reached that
in A, at which point the valve is closed. This process occurs slowly such that all temperatures stay at
25 C throughout the process. How much has the quality changed in tank A during the process?

I Problem description
Given:

mB = 0kg

Fluid: R-410a

Isothermal process T = 25 C

VA = VB = 200L = 0.2m3
Find:

TA i = 25 C
VA f = 10% VA , VA g = 90% VA

xA , xB , x

Sketch

II. Assumption
Isothermal process and nal state is saturated.

III. Analytical Solution

State 1: The initial quality is given by
x1 =

mA vapor
mA1

The mas of the liquid, vapor and the total mass are,
V f
VA1 v
0.9VA
A
= 0.1V
mA1 f = vfA1
vf @T , mA1 g = vg@T = vg@T
@T
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MAE 91 Summer 2013

Problem Set 2: Solutions

mA1 = mA1 f + mA1 g

Then,
x1 =

0.9VA
vg
0.1VA
A
+ 0.9V
vf
vg

State 2, tank B: following an isotherm from low pressure to the nal saturated pressure, the
condition is saturated vapor.
mB2 =

VB
vg@T

State 2, tank A: the quality is obtained from the mixture specic volume as,
vA2 =

VA
mA2

= vf @T + x vf g@T
x2 =

VA /mA2 vf @T
vf g@T

From conservation of mass,

m = mA1 + mB1 = mA2 + mB2

then
mA2 = mA1 mB2

IV. Numerical solution

State A1:
0.1VA
0.10.2
A
+ 0.9V
= 0.000944
+ 0.90.2
vf
vg
0.01514
mA vapor
= 11.889
mA1
33.075 = 0.3594

mA1 =
x1 =

= 21.186 + 11.889 = 33.075kg

State B2:
mB2 =

VB
vg@T

State A2:

0.2
0.01514

= 13.210kg

mA2 = 33.075 13.210 = 19.865kg

x2 = 0.2/19.8650.000944
= 0.6425
0.01420
x = 0.283

MAE 91 Summer 2013

Problem Set 2: Solutions

Problem 6
A cylinder/piston arrangement contains water at 105 C, 85% quality with a volume of 1L. The system
is heated, causing the piston to rise and encounter a linear spring as shown in Figure. At this point the
volume is 1.5L, piston diameter is 150mm, and the spring constant is 100N/mm. The heating continues,
so the piston compresses the spring. What is the cylinder temperature when the pressure reaches
200kPa?

I Problem description
Given:

V2 = 0.0015m3

Water

P3 = 200kPa

T1 = 105 C

kspring = 100N/mm

x1 = 0.85

Dpiston = 150mm
Find:

V1 = 0.001m3

Heating process

T3

Sketch

II. Analytical and Numerical Solution

1. Constant pressure process (piston rises), force balance:
P A Patm A mp g = 0

MAE 91 Summer 2013

Problem Set 2: Solutions

P = Patm + mp g/A = constant

From Table B.1.1:

P1 = Psat@105 C = 120.8kPa
v1 = (1 x1 ) vf + x vg = 0.15 0.001047 + 0.85 1.41936

The initial mass is then

m1 =

V1
v1

0.001
1.20661

= 8.288 104 kg

2. State 2:
P2 = P1 = 120.8kPa

Conservation of mass states that mass is constant:

m1 = m2 = m
v2 =

V2
m

0.0015
8.288104

= 1.8099m /kg

3. Expansion against a linear spring:

P A Patm A mp g k (x xref ) = 0
P = Patm + mp g/A + k (x xref ) /A
P = P1 + k (V V2 ) /A2

Evaluating at state 3:
P3 = P1 + k (V3 V2 ) /A2
V3 = V2 + (P3 P1 ) A2 /k

And then

2
V3 = 0.0015 + (200 120.8) 0.152 /4 /100 = 0.0017473m3

The temperature can be obtained interpolating on Table B.1.3 at P = 200kPa using the specic
volume as,
v3 =

V3
m

T3 =

700600
2.44262.01297

0.0017473
8.288104

= 2.1083m /kg

(2.1083 2.01297) + 600

T3 = 641.2 C

MAE 91 Summer 2013

Problem Set 2: Solutions

Problem 7
A piston/cylinder arrangement, shown in Figure, contains air at 250kPa, 300 C. The 50kg piston has
a diameter of 0.1m and initially pushes against the stops. The atmosphere is at 100kPa and 20 C.
The cylinder now cools as heat is transferred to the ambient.
a. At what temperature does the piston begin to move down?
b. How far has the piston dropped when the temperature reaches ambient?

I Problem description
Given:

Dpiston = 0.1m
y1 = 0.25m

P1 = 250kPa
T1 = 300 C

Find:

Patm = 100kPa

T2 , piston moves.

Tatm = 20 C

y3 =?

mP iston = 50kg

ypiston , when T3 = 20 C

Sketch

II. Assumption
Air can be treated as an ideal gas.

II. Analytical and Numerical Solution

A force balance on the piston gives,
P A Patm A mpiston g = 0

The area of the piston is A = D2 /4 = 0.00785m2 . Now, the pressure decreases following an
isochoric or isometric process (v2 = v1 ) until the piston oats:
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MAE 91 Summer 2013

P2 = Patm +

Problem Set 2: Solutions

mpiston g
A

= 100000 +

509.807
0.0075

= 162.5kPa

Ideal gas law is used to nd the temperature, P V = mRT

V
m

RT1
P1

RT2
P2

The piston moves down at,

T2 =

P2
P1 T1

162.5
250

(300 + 273.15) = 372.5K

and the volume results

V1 = y1 Apiston = 0.25 0.00785 = 0.00196m3
Now air cools down to T3 = 293.15K and the process is isobaric (P3 = P2 ). From ideal gas,
P =

mRT2
V2

V3 =

T3
T2 V2

mRT3
V3

3
= 0.00196 293.15
372.5 = 0.00154m

Then the new height is,

y3 = V3 /A = 0.1962m
y = 0.053m

10