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N O R M A N L. F I R K I N S
Xi yi
A = V<
(2
X71 Jn
{} = [B]{A]
(2
In matrix form,
[B]
ELEMENT CHARACTERISTICS
Cj
Cn
di
dj
dn
cZ i
Ci
u, j
Cj
=h
UJI
a n d d = yj yn , Cj = yn yi, cn = yi yj
a n d di = xn Xj, dj
A ^
sx 72, % Us yx
J\ j
*\ %
With these characteristics accounted for, a set of simultaneous equations may be used to describe the linear
relationship that exists between the nodes in Fig. 1
under rigid body displacements:
u% = a\ + a2Xi + a^yi
Uj = fli + a2Xj
a^yj
un a\ + aixn + a%yn
a)
-x
130
AISC
ENGINEERING
JOURNAL
(4
Cyi
1
= T, fax V <JV)
- fay -
(5)
V <TX)
2 (1 + v)
7xy
Figure 2
[D] =
(1
0
0
"1
(1
"
(7)
-v)
(i - sy (1 - v2)
vi\ + v)
MI
v{\ + v)
(1 - v2)
0
0
(i -
+ v)f
(8)
[*(1 + )]*
2 (1 + v)
v*y
[B]T[D][B]dVol
to
(12)
(9)
J Vol
(10)
[BY[D][B]tA
1
[*]. =" 2A
Ci
dil
di
Ci
dj
dj
1 v
V 1
<W)
dn
dn Cn]
Cn 0
0
2A
iXii
J^-ij
K-ji
**- 33
0
0
v
Figure 3
I
X
J
o 1
| Ci
Cj
cn
di
dj
dn
l_di
Ci
dj
Cj
un
cn j
tA
{F} = [K]{A]
-**- in
f^-in
(13)
(11)
{A} = [tf]-i{F}
(14)
131
O C T O B E R / 1969
1. Element stresses:
{a} =
[D][B){A\
(15)
2. Element strains:
{e} = [B] {A}
(16)
36"
(17)
tan 2d =
4. M a x i m u m and minimum principal stresses:
ax + a
0"max =
OV
30,000,000
0.25
0.10
100 llVin.
Figure 4
(18)
j *
<rx + a
0"min
+ rxy>
A
A
/ \
A
A
A
A
=
=
=
=
+ r, y
0"2
(19)
ELEMENT REPRESENTATION
Figure 5
[*] =
[*]-
0.2799
-0.9999
-0.3999
0.3999
"0.4394
0.2433
0.1064
0.4257
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
07
06
06
06
06
06
07
07
-0.9999
0.1966
0.5999
-0.1066
0.2433
0.9286
-0.1642
0.4541
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
06
07
06
07
06
06
06
06
-0.3999 E 06
0.5999 E 06
0.2799 E 07
0.0
0.1064
-0.1642
0.3938
-0.9124
E
E
E
E
07
06
06
07
0.3999 E 06
-0.1066 E 07
0.0
0.1966 E 07
0.4257
0.4541
-0.9124
0.7461
E
E
E
E
07
06
07
06.
ENGINEERING
JOURNAL
(2f
where
FxZ = F x 4 = 1800.0 lbs
Fyz = FyA =
0.0 lbs
(23)
(24)
132
AISC
in.
in.
in.
in.
FOR
A, =
M
M,
M,
H,
ELEMENT
.432 000E 03
416666E-01 .000000E-99
000000E-99 277777E-01.000000E-99 . 000000E-99 000000E-99-".277777E-01
.416666E-01 . 000000E-99
.000000E-99 000000E-99
C-I-
.277777E-01
.416666E-01
277777E-01
000000E-99
000000E-99
.416666E-01
.279999E
999999E
.399999E
.399999E
.239999E
.599999E
FUR ELEMENT
A2=
El
07-.999999E
06 ,1966666
06 .599999E
06-.106666E
07 .399999E
06-.899999E
239999E 07 .599999E 06
.399999E 06-.899999E 06
.000000E-99-.599999E 06
.399999E 06 000000E-99
.239999E 07 .000000E-99
000000E-99 .899999E 06
(20)
E2
.432000E 03
-.416666E-01
.000000E-99
.416666E-01
.000000E-99.000000E-99
.000000E-99
.000000E-99
.000000E-99.000000E-99.277777E-01
, 000000E-99
.277777E-01
.000000E-99
.416666E-01
.277777E-01
>416666F~01
,277777E-(U
000000E-99
[>!
.320000E 08
800000E 07
000000E-99
[B>
&a
239999E 07-.000000F-99-.239999E
000000E-99 .899999E 06 .599999E
.239999E 07 .599999F 06 .279999E
399999E 06-.899999E 06-.999999E
000000E-99-.599999F 06-.399999F
.399999E 06-.000000E-99 .399999E
800000E 07 , 000000E-99
.320000E 08 .000000E-99
, 000000E-99 , 120000E 08
07 .399999E
06-.899999E
07-.999999E
06 .196666E
06 .599999E
06-.106666E
.000000E-99
.277777E-01
.000000F-99
06 .000000E-99-.399999E 06
06-.599999E 06-.000000E-99
06-.399999E 06 .399999E 06
07 .599999E 06-.106666E 07 (21)
06 .399999E 06 .000000E-99
07 .000000E-99 .106666E 07
Figure 6
133
OCTOBER/
1969
TOTAL
For elemen t E 2 :
A ^
Compute stresses:
E2
<Jy
r
xy
\(JJ.
= [D][B]{A}
= 1029.198 psi
=
65.692 psi
=
43.795 psi
1/" 0
(26)
2K
A
4\ W.
Compute strains:
[B]{A]
#2
Jxy
I* (.)
0.3375 E - 04 in./in.
= 0.6387 E - 05 in./in.
= 0.3650 E - 05 in./in.
<*x + TJL
_L
\((Tx
(27)
minimum
\ ,
ay
,-
17
IS
_ *z+ *y __ J(x
1\
- *y\
9
0/
/16
0/
'n
00
19
\0
\ /20
^\ 0/
\0
Figure 8
MESH CONFIGURATION
DISPLACEMENTS
3-ELEMENT
4-ELEMENT
* 5 = 0.0007698
x 2 = 0.0007777
Figure 9
134
JOURNAL
25
'}
ENGINEERING
/I8
22
= 63.706 psi
AISC
= 1031.184 psi
v mm
0/ \ 0 0/ \0 0/ \0
/0
0 / \(lL 0/ \0 0 /
^ \0
0 \ /0
/ 0 0\ /0
k2;
SAVPLP
L ' E C P F F S OF F R E E D r IM
X
PER U N I T
VOLUME
Y
ER U N I T
VOLUME
JOINT
COORDINATES
X
0.0
4.C0000
2
7.
2
0.0
0.0
Y
36.00000
36.00000
36.00000
36.C0000
36.00000
36.C0000
36.C0000
32.OOOOO
32.00000
8.00000
12.C0000
16.C0000
4
S
?0.ooooo
6
7
24.CO000
o.o
p
Q
4.00000
FLT^FNT
UESC.RIPTION
jni\'T
*ATERlAL
TYPF
CONNECTIVITY
ND
1
2
3
4
1
P
8
o
?
2
Q
10
2
2
10
3
NODE X - C I SPLACFMFN'TS
..1
C.00000000
2
'
C00C14710
3
0.00028421
4
0*00041395
5
C00054372
6
C.00067482
7
C.000RC776
3
"" C . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
^
C.0001^270
ELEMENT NUMHER
X-SIRESS
1
1014.5633^008
3
2
7
J_^_A- A7
4
10
P C
10
_5_
c
10
1.3333330?
C
C O
0.10300
0.10000
0.10000
0.10000
0.0
C O
C O
SECOND NODE
__X.VST Rr SS
THIRD
NODE
STRESS-;!
2.666666C3
33.33332825
77.72729492
5.^3333302
6.66666603
AND
Y
COORDINATES OF CENTRQID
..STRESS-.?....
PR INC IPAL ANGLF
34.66665649
-205.4 00466)2
74.9Q78C273
THICKNESS
2 4.20507812
_?_ _L
1035.9^33^844
ANGLE
nr
_.FRTHCTRnpY
Y-D I SP L AC FMF N T S
-O.OCCOOOOO
-0.00006847
-0.C0010621
-C.C0C12849
-0.0CC14C75
-O.COC15C80
-CCCCI5997
-O.OOCOOCOO
-C.C0C04501
FIRST
NODE
.__YT_S_T.iESS
1 176.21C449?
2
1
1
1
1
-91.81152344
1 3 2 2 . 2 7*578 5 16
248.74609375
-77.520446*8
1023.57519531
68.81542969
- 84.45571899
10 0 6 . 3 2 8 1 2 5 0 0
72.41748047
10 3 8 . 7 3 5 8 3 9 8 4
27.81396484
33.33332825
-49.02273560
86.986 81641,
34.66665649
30.56640625
-52.67968750
9_.?3.3? _3302
34.66665649
-87.00878906
77
Figure 70
135
OCTOBER / 1969
xy
= 3175.4 psi
= - 7 3 3 . 7 psi
161.2 psi
=
-0 = 0.25
+ rx
+
_ 3175.4 "
733.7
*"
(161.2) 2
= 3182.8 psi
Figure 77
tan 2a =
ax o V
2 (161.2)
3175.4 -
(-733.7)
= 2.35
<
0):
(1) (D = 161.0
Up:
733.76 (1) (0.042)
= 30.0
3182.13 (1) (1.00176) (0.041) = 131.0
161.0
Check
161.0 = 161.0
O.K.
136
AISC
ENGINEERING
JOURNAL
{A}
= Displacement vector
CONCLUSIONS
[D]
[k)e
2.
SYMBOL NOMENCLATURE
3.
hh
[KI total
[K]
{F}
= Principal angle
= Poisson ratio
= Shearing stress
1.
= Area of element
[B]
= Area-coordinate matrix
{e}
= Strain vector
[a]
= Stress vector
4.
5.
REFERENCES
Hrennikojf, A. Solution of Elasticity by the Framework
Method ASCE Journal of Applied Mechanics, Vol. 63, pp.
769-775, 7947.
Chou, Pei Chi and Pagano, Nicholas J. Elasticity Tensor,
Dyadic and Engineering Approaches D. Von Nostrand
Company, Inc., 7967, Chapters 7 and 2.
Dodson, Ronald G. Discussion of the Finite Element Method
of Structural Analysis'Report-CE 516 University of
Nebraska at Omaha, May 76, 7968.
Zienkiewicz, 0. C. and Cheung, Y. K. The Finite Element
Method in Structural and Continuum Mechanics McGrawHill Publishing Company, 7967, Chapters 2, 3 and 74.
Rubinstein, Moshe F. Matrix Computer Analysis of Structures Prentice Hall, Inc., 7966, Chapter 72.
137
OCTOBER / 1969