9.

Basic Concepts of Differential and Integral

Calculus
Differentiation
Differentiation is the process of finding rate of change of a dependent
variable with respect to independent variable.

y f ()x

Dependent
Variable

Independen
t Variable

dy
f ( x) y y1 derivative or differential coefficient of f ( x) with respect to x
dx

Differentiation Formulae

d
(c ) 0
dx
d n
x nx n 1

dx
d x
e ex

dx
d x
a a x log e a

dx
d
1
log e x
dx
x

Also remember the following

formulae:

d
dx
d
dx

1
2

d 1
1
2
dx x
x

Differentiation Techniques
d
c 0
dx
d
d
Exp: 2 0,
dx
dx
1.

2 0,

d
log 2 0
dx

d
d
cf ( x) c f ( x)
dx
dx
d
d 3
3
2
2
Exp: 2 x 2 x 2 3 x 6 x
dx
dx
2.

d
d
d
c1 f x c2 g x c1 f x c2
g x
dx
dx
dx
d
d
d
d 3
d
5
3
3
2
Exp: 2 x 5log x 2 x 5log x 2 x 5 log x 6 x
dx
dx
dx
dx
dx
x
3.

d
d
d
f x g x f x g ( x ) f x
g x
dx
dx
dx
u v uv uv

4.

Product Rule:

In general, u v w u vw uvw uvw

Exp:
d 3
d
d
1
x log x x 3 log x x 3 log x 3 x 2 log x x 3 3x 2 log x x 2 x 2 3log x 1

dx
dx
dx
x
5.

Quotient Rule:

Exp:
d

dx

u uv uv

v2
v

d 3
3 d
2
3 1
2
x
log
x

x
log
x
3
x
log
x

x
3 x 2 log x x 2 x 3log x 1
dx
dx
x

2
2
2
2
log x
log x
log x
log x
log x
3

6.

Derivative of a function of function (Chain Rule):

dy dy du

, where u h x
If y f h( x) , then
dx du dx
dy
2
Exp:
If y log 1 x , then find
.
dx
Solution:
Let y log u and u 1 x 2 .
dy dy du 1
2x
2x

0 2x

dx du dx u
u 1 x2
7.

Derivative of Implicit Functions:

A function in the form of f ( x, y ) 0 e.g. x 2 y 2 3 xy y 0 where y

cannot be directly defined as a function of x is called an implicit
function of x.
dy
Exp:
If x 3 y 3 3axy 0 , then find
.
dx
Solution:
x 3 y 3 3axy 0
Differentiating with respect to x, we get
dy
dy

3 x 2 3 y 2 3a 1 y x 0
dx
dx

ay x 2
y 2 ax dy
dx
dy ay x 2

dx y 2 ax
8. Derivative of Parametric Equation:
When both the variables are expressed in terms of a parameter (a
third variable), then the involved equations are called as parametric
equations.
dy
Exp:
If x at 2 and y 2at , then find
.
dx
Solution:
dx
dy
2at ;
2a
dt
dt
dy
dy dt
2a 1

dx dx
2at t

dt
9. Logarithmic Differentiation:
This procedure of finding out derivative by taking logarithm is used
in the following two situations:

function

When the function is the product of number of functions.

function

or variable

y x x , then find

Exp:

If

Solution:

y xx

variable

dy
.
dx

Taking logarithm of both the sides , we get

log y x log x
Differentiating with respect to x , we get
1 dy
log x 1
y dx
dy
or
y 1 log x x x 1 log x
dx

 x 2 x 3
If y
4
x 1
3
2
x 2 x 3

y
4
x 1
3

Exp:
Solution:

, then find

dy
.
dx

Taking logarithm of both the sides , we get

log y 3log x 2 2 log x 3 4 log x 1
Differentiating with respect to x , we get
1 dy
3
2
4

y dx x 2 x 3 x 1
or

dy
3
2
4
y

dx
x 2 x 3 x 1

dy x 2 x 3
3
2
4
or

4
dx
x 1
x 2 x 3 x 1
Higher Order Differentiation:
3

Second order derivative f ( x )

y x 5x 2 x
4

Exp:

If

Solution:

y x 4 5x3 2 x 2 9
dy
4 x3 15 x 2 4 x
dx
d dy
2
12 x 30 x 4
dx dx
d2y
12 x 2 30 x 4
2
dx

d2y
y y2
dx 2
d2y
9 , then find 2 .
dx

Geometric Meaning of the Derivative

The derivative of f ( x) at a point x

represents the slope or gradient of the
tangent to the curve y f ( x) at the point
x.
P(x, y)

Integration
Integration is the reverse process of differentiation.

Differentiatio
n

f ( x)

f x

Integration

Integration Formulae
n
x
dx

n 1

x
c (n 1)
n 1

1
x dx log e x c

e dx e
x

ax
a dx loge a c
x

Also remember the following formulae:

1 dx dx

xc

1
x dx 2 x c
dx
1
xa
x 2 a 2 2a log x a c
dx
1
ax
a 2 x 2 2a log a x c
dx
2
2
x 2 a 2 log x x a c
dx
2
2
x 2 a 2 log x x a c
x
a2
2
2
2
2
x

a
dx

log x x 2 a 2 c

2
2
x
a2
2
2
2
2
x

a
dx

log x x 2 a 2 c

2
2

Integration by parts

 du

v dx dx
dx

uv dx u v dx
I II

Priority of functions to be considered as a first function is as follows:

Logarithmic Functions e.g. log x
Algebric Functions e.g. x 2 , x etc
Exponential Functions e.g. e x , a x etc
Definite Integration

If f x dx F x , then
b

F ( x)

f ( x)dx

b
a

F b F a

Important Property of definite Integral

b

f ( x) dx f a b x dx