This article was downloaded by: [Osmania University]

On: 22 August 2015, At: 02:37

Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: 5 Howick
Place, London, SW1P 1WG

Journal of International Council on Electrical

Engineering
Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information:
http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tjee20

Transient Stability Improvement by UPFC Using

Estimated Sensitivities Based on Thevenin's Theorem
and DC Power Flow Method
a

Kenichi Kawabe & Akihiko Yokoyama

a

Dept. of Advanced Energy, The University of Tokyo, Japan ()

Published online: 10 Sep 2014.

To cite this article: Kenichi Kawabe & Akihiko Yokoyama (2012) Transient Stability Improvement by UPFC Using Estimated
Sensitivities Based on Thevenin's Theorem and DC Power Flow Method, Journal of International Council on Electrical
Engineering, 2:3, 257-263, DOI: 10.5370/JICEE.2012.2.3.257
To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.5370/JICEE.2012.2.3.257

PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE

Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the Content) contained
in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no
representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of
the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors,
and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied
upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall
not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other
liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or
arising out of the use of the Content.
This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic
reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any
form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://
www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions

Journal of International Council on Electrical Engineering Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 257~263, 2012 257
http://dx.doi.org/10.5370/JICEE.2012.2.3.257

Transient Stability Improvement by UPFC Using

Estimated Sensitivities Based on Thevenins Theorem and
DC Power Flow Method

Downloaded by [Osmania University] at 02:37 22 August 2015

Kenichi Kawabe and Akihiko Yokoyama*

Abstract In our previous work, a novel stabilizing control scheme based on an energy function was
proposed for Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC), a kind of FACTS devices, to improve transient
stability in the multi-machine power system. This paper investigates two kinds of techniques to estimate
the sensitivities of generator outputs with respect to two controllable components of UPFC, to reduce
information and computational load for the sensitivity calculation in the control system. The two
techniques are based on Thevenins theorem and the DC power flow method, respectively. Numerical
simulations are conducted on the multi-machine power system with several UPFCs. The UPFCs are
controlled by using the sensitivity estimation techniques, and their effect on the transient stability is
investigated. The results show that the proposed techniques can estimate the sensitivities with high
accuracy and can improve the transient stability.
Keywords: Power system, Transient stability, FACTS, Unified power flow controller

1. Introduction
FACTS technologies can improve power system
reliability as well as economic efficiency. Thanks to their
rapid and flexible controllability, they can be useful for
overload alleviation or stability enhancement in the
emergency state while being used for available transfer
capability enhancement or transmission loss minimization
in the normal state. In our previous work [1], a novel
stabilizing control scheme based on an energy function was
proposed for UPFC (unified power flow controller), a kind
of FACTS devices, to improve transient stability in the
multi-machine power system. In the proposed method, it is
assumed to collect wide-area information such as internal
voltage phasors of generators in the system in order to
compute sensitivities of generator outputs with respect to
UPFCs control variables in real time. Since the internal
voltage signals contain phase information, PMU (phasor
measurement unit) needs to be installed in each generator.
Moreover, the computational load increases in proportion to
the square of the number of generators. Although the
proposed method is feasible with the development of the
information and communication technology, and the
computer technology, time delays for collecting the

Corresponding Author: Dept. of Electrical Engineering, The

University of Tokyo, Japan (k-kawabe@syl.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp)
*
Dept. of Advanced Energy, The University of Tokyo, Japan
(yokoyama@syl.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp)
Received: February 29, 2012; Accepted: June 19, 2012

information and calculating the sensitivities may degrade

the effect of the control system on the stability
enhancement.
This paper proposes two kinds of techniques to estimate
the sensitivities of generator outputs with respect to two
controllable parts of UPFC, reactive power injection and
series voltage injection. The two techniques are based on
Thevenins theorem and the DC power flow method,
respectively, and can estimate the sensitivities with less
information and less computational load. By applying the
estimation techniques to the control system of UPFC
proposed in our previous work, the required input signals
and the computational load for the sensitivity calculation
can be reduced. Numerical simulations are conducted on
the modified IEEE RTS-24 system with multiple UPFCs,
and three phase grounding fault is considered. The
sensitivities with respect to two controllable components of
UPFC estimated by the proposed methods are compared
with the theoretical values to check the accuracy of the
proposed estimation methods. Besides, the two components
of UPFCs are controlled by using the estimated sensitivities
to check their effect on the transient stability improvement.

2. Stabilizing Control Scheme of UPFC

2.1 Modeling of UPFC
UPFC consists of two voltage-sourced converters (VSCs)

Transient Stability Improvement by UPFC Using Estimated Sensitivities Based on Thevenins Theorem and DC Power ~

258

which are coupled via a common dc link as depicted in Fig.

1 (a). The two VSCs are connected to the grid through
shunt and series transformers, respectively. The seriesconnected transformer can inject angularly unconstrained
voltage as shown in Fig. 1(b), because the two VSCs of
UPFC have a common dc link and maintain the dc voltage
by compensating real power to/from the grid via shuntconnected transformer. Hence, UPFC can control power
flow by injecting voltage (VUd, VUq) and bus voltage by
injecting reactive power (Qinj) to the grid, independently.
Here, the series injecting voltage (VUd, VUq) is defined as (1).
r
VU = VUq jVUd e j i

Downloaded by [Osmania University] at 02:37 22 August 2015

(1)

In this paper, the UPFC is modeled as an equivalent

current source model [2] which is a function of UPFC
variables and voltages at buses where the UPFC is installed.
Vj

VUq
r
Vi

Qinj
STATCOM
Site

derivative value of the rotor kinetic energy changes at a

value given by:

V&K =

iG

( i 0 )Pe,i

SSSC
Site

(a)

By defining a sensitivity of active power output Pe of i th

generator with respect to k th UPFCs control variable k as:
i ,k =

Pe ,i

=Re{ E& G ,i

r
VU

VUd
r
Vj

V&K

(b)

E& G ,l }

(4)

k U

k = K

iG

M i (i 0 )

iG

i , k (i0 )

i ,k (i0 ) = K

(5)

(2)

iG

i ,k COI ,i

(6)

In addition to the main control law, the stabilizing control

scheme considers the supplementary control law
considering a rotor speed of a critical machine. Here,
critical machine denotes a generator which has the largest
kinetic energy VK,i among all generators at each time step.
Through the similar process to that of the main control
law, change of a time derivative value of the rotor speed of
the critical machine due to the change of UPFCs control
variable is obtained by (7), and it yields the supplementary
control law written by (8) to shift CM closer to 0. Here,
subscript CM represents the number of the critical machine.

& COI ,CM

CM, k

M
kU

Equation (5) yields the main control law given by (6) to

shift the time derivative value of the kinetic energy in the
negative direction. Here, K is a positive constant.

The stabilizing control system adopts two control laws,

main and supplementary ones, proposed in [1]. Each
control law calculates a direction into which a control
variable should change from its reference value, e.g., an
operating point before a fault, according to each stability
index. When the direction calculated by the main control
law is coincident with that calculated by the supplementary
control law, the control variable is changed into the
direction. Otherwise, the control variable should be kept at
its reference value. The control system is applied to two
components of UPFC (VUd, Qinj) of three degree-of-freedom
since VUq has little impact on the stability enhancement
compared with the above two control variables.
The main control law deals with a rotor kinetic energy
VK defined by (2) as the stability index.

iG

Y G ( i ,l )
lG

2.2 Stabilizing Control Scheme

reactance of i th generator and YG is a reduced admittance

matrix of the internal generator nodes, then, the following
equation is derived from (3). Here, U is a set of control
variables of UPFCs.

Fig. 1. Structure of UPFC (a) and phasor diagram of

voltages around installation site of UPFC (b).

VK =

(3)

where E G ,i is an internal voltage behind a sub-transient

r
VU

Vi

where Mi and i denote an inertia constant and a rotor

speed, respectively, of the i th generator, and 0 is a rotor
speed reference known as COI (center of inertia). G is a set
of generators. Assuming that m control variables of UPFCs
1 , 2 ,L, m change by 1 , 2 ,L, m , a time

CM

lG

l ,k

k
Ml
lG

(7)

Kenichi Kawabe and Akihiko Yokoyama

k = COI ,CM

CM, k

kU

CM

lG

l , k

Ml
lG

(8)

259

E G ,i

Pe,i = Re E G ,i
Z0 + Za

= E G ,i

Re

Z 0 + Z a

(10)

By controlling UPFCs according to (8), equation (7)

takes a negative value when COI,CM is positive, or a
positive value when COI,CM is negative.

Downloaded by [Osmania University] at 02:37 22 August 2015

3. Sensitivity Estimation Techniques for UPFC

In the stabilizing control system proposed in [1], internal
voltages of all generators are assumed to be collected to
calculate the sensitivities given by (4) in real time. This
paper proposes two kinds of techniques for the two
controllable components of UPFC (Qinj, VUd) to estimate the
sensitivities without using the internal voltages or requiring
the heavy computational effort.
3.1 Estimation Technique Based on Thevenins Theorem
The sensitivity estimation technique based on Thevenins
theorem is proposed for the sensitivities of generator
outputs with respect to the reactive power injection (Qinj) by
the shunt-connected converter of UPFC. The estimation
technique is derived as follows.
When the two independent electrical circuits depicted in
Fig. 2 are hooked up, the current given by (9) flows from
the terminal 1 to the terminal 2 by applying Thevenins
theorem. Here, Z0 and Z represent impedances seen from
the terminal 1 and the terminal 2, respectively, under the
condition that all voltage sources are shorted and all current
sources are opened.
I = V0 (Z 0 + Z )

(9)

In the power system with N generators, this theorem can

be applied to each point of common coupling between
generator and the grid, independently, according to the
principle of superposition. Fig. 3 represents electrical
circuits divided by the common coupling between the i-th
generator and the grid before and after the change of the
reactive power injection (Qinj) by the k-th UPFC. Here, the
control action is modeled as a variable susceptance in the
same way as [1]. EG,i is an internal voltage of the i-th
generator. Assuming that the operating point of the reactive
power injection is Bk0 and the two circuits are hooked up,
an active power given by (10) flows from the generator to
the grid according to Thevenins theorem.

= E G ,i G pre

Through the same process, the active power flow after

the change of the reactive power injection from Bk to Bk +
Bk is given by (11) under the assumption that the internal
voltage of the generator doesnt change immediately after
the control action of UPFC.

Pe,i = E G ,i

2
1

= E G ,i G post
Re

Z
Z
+
b
0

(11)

Therefore, the active power output of the i-th generator

changes by (12) due to the change of Qinj.
Pe,i = Pe,i Pe,i = E G ,i

(G

post

G pre

(12)

= Pe,i (G post G pre 1)

Since the term ((Gpost/Gpre)-1) in (12) is assumed to be

constant for the change of the susceptance (Bk) and the
system configuration, the sensitivity can be approximated
to be proportional to the active power as shown in (13).
i,k =

Pe,i
Bk

Pe ,i
Bk

Pe,i

(13)

The relationship yields the following sensitivity

estimation technique given by (14) using active power
output (Pe,i(t)) measured in real-time. The other information,
active power output (Pe,i, pre) and sensitivity coefficient (i,k,
pre) before the fault, can be obtained in advance by applying
state estimation techniques in the normal state.
i , k (t ) = (Pe ,i (t ) Pe ,i , pre ) i , k , pre

Fig. 2. Two independent electrical circuits.

(14)

260

Transient Stability Improvement by UPFC Using Estimated Sensitivities Based on Thevenins Theorem and DC Power ~

jB k0

(a) Electrical circuits before change of the control variable

IEEE RTS-24 system with three UPFCs shown in Fig.4.

The total generation capacity is 3405 MW. The generators
are represented by the sixth-order model, and automatic
voltage regulator and governor of first-order model are
incorporated. A single contingency with three-phase
grounding fault is considered for the emergency state. In the
following section, notation of the fault n-m represents
three-phase grounding fault near bus n cleared by opening

j(Bk0 + Bk )

Downloaded by [Osmania University] at 02:37 22 August 2015

(b)

Electrical circuits after change of the control variable

Fig. 3. Sensitivity estimation based on Thevenin's theorem.

3.2 Estimation Technique Based on DC Power Flow
Method
The sensitivity estimation technique based on the DC
power flow method is proposed for the sensitivities with
respect to the voltage injection (VUd) by the seriesconnected converter of UPFC. In the proposed method, line
reactances, voltage phase angles and active power flows in
an AC electrical circuit are regarded as line resistances,
voltages and currents in a DC electrical circuit under the
assumptions in the following.
Assumption 1: Change in magnitude of bus voltages ar
e imperceptible immediately after change of VUd.
Assumption 2: Internal voltages of generators dont cha
nge immediately after change of VUd.
Assumption 3: An active power flow is proportional to
difference between the voltage phases at ends of the t
ransmission line.
Since the series voltage injection (VUd) by UPFC mainly
affects the voltage phase angle as seen from the Fig. 1, the
change of VUd is equivalent to the change of voltage in the
equivalent DC circuit. Therefore, the change of the active
power outputs (i.e., currents in the equivalent DC circuit) of
generators due to the change of VUd can be considered as
constant for the same configuration of the grid, and the
sensitivities are obtained by (15) using those before the
fault.
i , k (t ) = i , k , pre

(15)

Fig. 4. Modified IEEE reliability test system.

one circuit of the line n-m. All p.u. quantities are on 100
MVA base.
The three UPFCs are allocated on the looped
transmission lines in the power system, and the shuntconnected converters of them are located at the side of
buses 1, 13, 15, respectively. The operating condition of
each control variable of the UPFCs before a fault is set at
the center of its operating range, 0 p.u.. The rating of the
series transformer voltage and the capacity of each
converter of the UPFC, are set at 0.2 p.u. and 200 MVA,
respectively. Regarding the operations of the two
controllable components of UPFCs after the fault, the series
transformers of UPFCs are assumed to be bypassed for the
protection of the equipment immediately after the fault and
reconnected 20 ms after the fault clearing. On the other
hand, the shunt controllable component is assumed to be
available during the fault from the fact that, unlike the
series connected component, the short-circuit current has
only a minor impact on the shunt connected component.
4.1 Sensitivity Estimation for Reactive Power Control

4. Numerical Examples
Numerical simulations are conducted on the modified

To verify the accuracy of the estimation technique based

on Tevenins Theorem, estimated sensitivities with respect
to reactive power injection (Qinj) by UPFC are compared

Kenichi Kawabe and Akihiko Yokoyama

with theoretical values for the fault 20-23. The fault occurs
at 0.50 s and is cleared 0.39 s after the fault. All the control

0.2

Theoretical Value
Estimated Value

0.1
0.05
0
1

3
time (s)

rotor angle -COI (rad)

Fig. 5. Sensitivity of 32-th generator w.r.t. Qinj of UPFC 3.

2.2
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
0

without Control
with Control using Theoretical Values
with Control using Estimated Values

4.2 Sensitivity Estimation for Series Voltage Control

0.5

1.5

2.5

3 3.5
time (s)

4.5

5.5

Fig. 6. Rotor angle of 32-th generator w.r.t. COI.

energy function

without Control
with Control using Theoretical Values
with Control using Estimated Values

To verify the accuracy of the estimation technique based

on the DC power flow method, estimated sensitivities with
respect to the voltage injection (VUd) by UPFC are
compared with theoretical values for the fault 19-20. The
fault occurs at 0.50 s and is cleared 0.50 s after the fault. All
the control variables of the UPFCs are kept at their initial
values.

0.1
G3,G4,G7,G8

0
0

3
time (s)

Fig. 7. Energy Function.

0.05

G12-G14

Control using Theoretical Values

Control using Estimated Values

G30,G31
G32
G15-G19 G24-G29
G22
G21

-0.05

-0.1
0

G20
1

3
time (s)

G23
4

Fig. 9. Sensitivities of generators w.r.t. VUd of UPFC 3.

0
-1
-2
0

G9-G11 G1,G2,G5,G6

Qinj (p.u.)

Downloaded by [Osmania University] at 02:37 22 August 2015

-0.05
0

variables of the UPFCs are kept at their initial values.

Fig. 5 describes sensitivity of 32-th generator with
respect to reactive power injection by UPFC 3. As shown in
Fig. 5, the proposed method can estimate the sensitivity
with high accuracy.
Under the same fault case, Qinj of the three UPFCs are
controlled by the stabilizing control scheme using estimated
sensitivities, and its results are compared with those in
comparative cases. Fig. 6 describes the rotor angle of the
32-th generator with respect to the center of inertia (COI).
The results show that the reactive power control using
estimated sensitivities can improve the transient stability
though it is less effective than that using theoretical
sensitivities calculated in real time. Their effect on the
system damping is also investigated in Fig. 7 by comparing
change of the energy function given by (2). It is observed
from Fig. 7 that the decrease rate of the kinetic energy after
the fault is accelerated due to the action of the UPFCs. Fig.
8 compares the control variable of UPFC 3, and shows that
control action using estimated sensitivities is consistent
with that using theoretical values.

sensitivity coefficient

sensitivity coefficient

0.15

261

0.5

1.5

2.5 3 3.5
time (s)

4.5

5.5

Fig. 8. Reactive power injection by UPFC 3.

Fig. 9 descries the theoretical values of the sensitivities

with respect to VUd of the UPFC 3. On the other hand, the
estimated values are considered as the values before the
fault (i.e., before 0.5 s in Fig.9) based on the estimation
technique. As shown in Fig. 9, the sensitivities with respect

Transient Stability Improvement by UPFC Using Estimated Sensitivities Based on Thevenins Theorem and DC Power ~

262

without Control
with Control using Theoretical Values
with Control using Estimated Values

0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
-1.2
0

0.5

1.5

2.5 3 3.5
time (s)

4.5

5.5

Fig. 10. Rotor angle of 9-th generator w.r.t. COI.

2.5

without Control
with Control using Theoretical Values
with Control using Estimated Values

energy function

1.5
1

0
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

3 3.5
time (s)

4.5

5.5

Fig. 11. Energy function.

0.3

4.3 Transient Stability Improvement by UPFCs Using

Estimated Sensitivities
Numerical results have so far demonstrated that each of
the two components of UPFC (Qinj, VUd) can improve the
transient stability by using sensitivities estimated by the
proposed methods. However, it have been also made clear
that the accuracy of the estimation technique with respect to
VUd tends to be low during the period immediately after the
fault clearing and it may cause undesirable control action
for the transient stability improvement.
In order to utilize the UPFCs with the estimated
sensitivities in more reliable way, it is proposed to control
the series voltage injection (VUd) only for the damping

0.5

Control using Theoretical Values

Control using Estimated Values

0.2
0.1
0
-0.1
-0.2
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

3 3.5
time (s)

4.5

5.5

Fig. 12. Series voltage injection VUd by UPFC 3.

to VUd fluctuate within a relatively narrow range compared
with those with respect to Qinj shown in Fig. 5, and the
estimation technique can be considered to be appropriate.
However, during the interval immediately after the fault,
the theoretical values of the sensitivities largely fluctuate
and different from the estimated values, i.e., the values
before the fault. Though estimation errors during the fault
can be ignored since the series controllable components are
assumed to be bypassed during the fault, errors immediately
after the fault clearing are considerable.
In the same fault case, VUd of the three UPFCs are
controlled by the stabilizing control scheme using the
estimated sensitivities. Rotor angle of 9-th generator and
the energy function are described in Figs. 10 and 11,
respectively. The results show that, the control of VUd using
estimated sensitivities can improve the system damping as
well as the control using theoretical values. Fig. 12

rotor angle -COI (rad)

Vud (p.u.)

Downloaded by [Osmania University] at 02:37 22 August 2015

describes the control variable of UPFC 3, and shows that

control action using estimated sensitivities is consistent
with that using theoretical values except during the period
immediately after the fault clearing. As shown in the results,
the accuracy of the estimation technique tends to be low for
the interval immediately after the fault due to change of the
system configuration and large oscillation of the internal
voltages which are assumed to be constant in the proposed
method.

2.2
G32
2
1.8
G30,G31
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
-1.2 G5,G6
G1,G2
-1.4
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

G9,G10,G11
3 3.5
time (s)

4.5

5.5

Fig. 13. Swing curves with control of Qinj and VUd of UPFCs.

rotor angle -COI (rad)

rotor angle -COI (rad)

0.6

2.2
2
G32
1.8
G30,G31
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
G9,G10,G11
-1 G5,G6
G1,G2
-1.2
-1.4
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
time (s)

4.5

5.5

Fig. 14. Swing curves without control of UPFCs.

enhancement, and to control the reacstive power injection

(Qinj) for the first swing stability improvement and the
damping enhancement. In this paper, the series voltage
injection (VUd) is assumed to be controlled 0.50 s after the
fault clearing, while the reactive power injection is
controlled immediately after the fault. For the fault 20-23,
the two components (Qinj, VUd) of the three UPFCs are
controlled by the foregoing method. The fault occurs at
0.50 s and is cleared 0.39 s after the fault.
Figs. 13 and 14 describe rotor angles of generators with
respect to COI in the cases with and without control of the
two components of the UPFCs, respectively. From the
comparison between Figs. 13 and 14, it is obvious that the
UPFCs controlled by the foregoing method improve the
first swing and the power system damping. Fig. 15
describes a comparison of the energy function between
three cases, without control of the UPFCs, with control of
Qinj of the UPFCs, with control of Qinj and VUd of the
UPFCs. It is seen from Fig. 15 that the control of VUd by the
foregoing method contributes to the damping enhancement
in addition to the effect of the control of Qinj on the
transient stability.
4

w/o UPFC
Qinj
Qinj + Vud

3.5
energy function

Downloaded by [Osmania University] at 02:37 22 August 2015

Kenichi Kawabe and Akihiko Yokoyama

3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

3 3.5
time (s)

4.5

5.5

Fig. 15. Energy function.

5. Conclusion
This paper proposes two kinds of techniques to estimate
sensitivities of generators active power outputs with
respect to the two controllable components of UPFC. By
applying the proposed estimation techniques to the
previously proposed stabilizing control system of UPFC,
the required input signals and the computational load for
the sensitivity calculation can be reduced. Numerical
examples demonstrate that UPFCs controlled by using
estimated sensitivities can improve the first swing stability
and the power system damping. However, during the period
immediately after the fault, the accuracy of the estimation

263

techniques tends to be low due to the change of the system

configuration and the large oscillation of the power system.
Though the application of advanced technologies such as
PMUs and high-performance computer systems to calculate
the sensitivities is one of the options to solve the problem
and to build a reliable control system of FACTS controllers
for the transient stability improvement, further study will be
conducted to simplify the control system in the future
works.

References
[1] K. Kawabe, A. Yokoyama, Stability Enhancement by
Multiple UPFCs Using Wide-Area Information in the
Multi-Machine Power System, in Proceedings of
IEEE PES PowerCon 2010, China, Oct. 2010.
[2] H. Kohno, A. Yokoyama, Control System Design of
UPFC for Power System Damping Enhancement
Taking into Account Rating of Converter During
Oscillation, in Proceedings of IEEE PES PowerTech
1999, Aug. 1999

Ken-ichi Kawabe received the B.S.

from Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan,
in 2007 and M.S. from the University
of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, in 2009. He is
currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree at
the University of Tokyo. His research
interests include blackout containment
in power systems by using FACTS and Batteries.

Akihiko Yokoyama received the B.S.,

M.S., and Dr. Eng. degrees from the
University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, in
1979, 1981, and 1984, respectively. He
has been with Department of Electrical
Engineering, University of Tokyo,
since 1984 and currently is a Professor
in charge of power system engineering.