Question 1)

a) What is an Industrial Sociology? And what is its scope; also narrate value of Industrial
Sociology in India.
Answer)
The term industrial sociology includes two terms, industrial and sociology. The term
industrial means concerning the industry. The word industry is derived form the Latin
word Industria which means dexterity and resourcefulness. It is thus clear that industry is
that technique under which anything is done efficiently and smoothly. Resourcefulness
implies use of machinery, raw material etc., in an economic manner. Sociology deals with
society and society is nothing but a different name for social relations. Thus sociology
pertains to or deals with social relations. In sociology all kinds of social relations are
studied. It should also be borne in mind in this connexion that sociology is a scientific
study employing scientific methodology and techniques in its study of social relations.
According to Maclver and page, Sociology is about social relationships, the network of
relationships we call society. It is quite apparent from this definition that sociology is a
science of social relations. If there is a group of persons who have no relation between
them such a group would fall beyond the purview of sociology.
The most important characteristic of the application of sociology in the filed of industry,
however, is the sociological attitude towards industrial organization. In the words of
William Faunce, What sociology has to offer to the student of industrial social
organization today is not a body of laws of social behaviour, but rather a particular
perspective or a special way of looking at the world of work.
The concepts of industry and sociology become clear from the above discussion. The
concept of industrial sociology is a compound of these two concepts. In Industrial
sociology, social relations specifically connected with industry are studied. Of course,
these relations are studied by scientific techniques employed in sociology. In modern
world the industrial domain has expanded infinitely and it s problems have become
complex and varied. There are innumerable problems which have come into being only
on account of expanding industry. For example, the problems of slums are a direct

outcome of industrial expansion. Thus we can say that industrial sociology is a direct
outcome of modern industrial expansion.
Definition of Industrial Sociology
An examination of some important definition of industrial sociology will further clarify
its meaning.
1. According to Charles B. Spaulding, Industrial Sociologists center their interests upon
the social organization of the work place, including the pattern of interaction between
people who are responding to each other in terms of their roles in work organization or
whose behaviour is being affected by those roles. These patterns of interaction are
included in three system of industrial social organization: 1. Management Organization,
2. Informal organization of workers, 3. Union organization.
2. According to Miller and Form, Industrial Sociology is a substantive area of general
sociology which might more accurately be termed the sociology of work organization or
the sociology of economy. In this definition industrial sociology has been admitted as an
important branch of sociology, concerned with work organization and economy. These
however, constitute important part of industrial sociology whose area is expanding fast.
3. According to Parkar, Brown and others, Industrial sociology is concerned with how
the economic subsystem is related to other subsystems, how the subsystem is structured
in terms of particular work organization and roles and how persons fit into these roles.
Clarifying this definition further these authors have remarked. The adjective industrial
implies the application of sociological theories and methods to one segment of society,
that is, the one concerned with the economic function of producing and distributing the
goods and services which society requires. Thus industrial means the section concerned
with economic processes. Industrial sociology is particularly the study of this type of
social relationships. The economic organization involves several systems and subsystems. Each of these includes innumerable roles. Industrial sociology studies the rules,
process, methods and cause-effect relationships concerning industrial system and sub
systems.

4. According to J.H. Smith, Industrial sociology is concerned with industry (or any form
of work organization) as a social system, including those factors (technical, economic,
political) which affect the structure, the function and the changes in that system. This
definition of industrial sociology is wider that the preceding definitions. It includes
industrial areas as a social system factors influencing it, its structure, role and factors of
change in the field of industrial sociology. In brief, industrial sociology is a particular
branch of sociology in which the organization, structure, functions and implicit social
relationships of industrial and economic systems are studied.
Scope of Industrial Sociology
According to Delbert C. Miller, If we were to single out one statement that stamps the
progress of industrial sociology upto and through 1947, we should probably record the
fact that sociologists were still struggling to define the field. Miller and Form describe
the field as being concerned broadly with the study of industrial society and also with
the analysis of the social organization of work. It is suggested that industrial sociology
deals with all types of work organizations. According to Moore, Industrial sociology
then is concerned with the application or development of principles of sociology relevant
to the industrial mode of production and the industrial way of life. Schneider delimits
the field of industrial sociology to the industrial institution with a focus on the social
structure of large scale manufacturing organizations. Etzioni suggest that the scope of
industrial sociology includes the study of that economic organization that have the
primary aim of producing goods and services, exchanging them, or organizing and
manipulating monetary process.
Value of Industrial Sociology in India
All the above mentioned points concerning the value of industrial sociology are
applicable to its importance in India. The following considerations may be noted in this
connection.

1. Knowledge of Labour Class: - Labour class has its peculiar status, role and problems.
In urban society these must be understood and solved. This requires knowledge of
industrial society.
2. Labour Welfare: - Labour welfare and labour legislation requires an understanding of
the condition of industry and labour. The present day industrial society requires labour
welfare which presupposes scientific knowledge in this area.
3. Problems of Urbanization: - The fast growing urbanization in India is creating
problems of housing, over-crowding, high cost of living, insanitation and slums. These
may be solved with the aid of the knowledge of industrial sociology.
4. Solution of the Problem of Industrialization: - Industrialization is a closely
connected to urban problem. It is scientifically studied by industrial sociology. Therefore,
the study of industrial society is a necessary prelude to the solution of problems of
industrialization.
5. Division of Labour: - In the present change in society the revaluation and
reorganization of division of labour is necessary for harmony between different classes.
In India division of labour has been traditionally based upon caste. The caste system
however, is now appearing to be an impediment in national progress. Therefore, effort is
being made to eliminate caste system. This has led to disorganization in division of
labour. Any one is now engaged in any profession whatever may be his innate ability. A
scientific division of labour in the field of industry requires a fairly wide knowledge
concerning different professions. Industrial sociology extends help in this process.
6. Help in family Reorganisation: - Industrial sociology particularly studies urban and
industrial families. It enquires into the causes of their disorganization and suggests
remedies. Therefore, in India industrial sociology may help in preventing further
disorganization of urban and industrial families. It will help in their Reorganisation.
7. Economic Progress: - In India today one hears the slogan to remove poverty
everywhere. This requires industrial progress even more than progress in the field of
agriculture. Without industrial progress millions of new hands cannot be suitably
employed. Infact, economic development is essentially industrial development. Industrial
development is the subject of the industrial sociology. Therefore, industrial sociology
may give direction to the economic progress in India.

8. Social Welfare: - Modern state is a welfare state. This is particularly true in India
today. A welfare state must plan for the welfare of back ward classes the poor and the
degraded since these sections are unable to realize their welfare. This social welfare
requires direction from industrial sociology.
9. Development of Labour Organisation: - A remedy to industrial disputes is the
development of labour Organisation. If this development is scientific, the laborers take
resort to collective bargaining for the realization of, their demands. Unfortunately, in
India labour union are more busy in seeking political games rather than labour welfare.
To remove this tendency and to reorganize labour unions to realize labour welfare,
industrial sociology is useful.
10. Help in Rationalizations: - Being backward from scientific and industrial viewpoint
India lags in rationalization in industries. With the progress of education among
capitalists and employers and the interference by the government, efforts are now being
made for more and more rationalization in industries. This is helped by industrial
sociology.
11. Aid to Nationalisation: - When some private industries fail to solve their internal
disputes, one of the remedy is Nationalisation of such sick industries. Some other
industries are nationalized due to the fact that they produce commodities which cannot be
placed in private hands such as armaments. Similarly, industries connected with raw
material are nationalized so that raw material is nationalized so that raw material may be
available to the industries on reasonable rate and in sufficient quantity. All these cause
have led to increasing Nationalisation of industries in India. Recent there is some trend
towards profit in public sector industries. Industrial sociology may be useful in the
realization of Nationalisation of essential industries.
12. Aid to Industrial Management: - Success in industry very much depends upon
industrial bureaucracy. Efficiency of industrial bureaucracy depends upon perusal of
scientific law of industrial management industrial sociology scientifically studies
industrial management. Therefore, industrial bureaucrats require training in industrial
sociology. This is particularly relevant to present day Indian conditions.
13. Solution of the Problems of Automation: - With the progress of large scale
industries in India automation is increasing. This has increased unemployment though on

the other hand it has increased profits of the industrialists. Therefore, automation has
been opposed by some labour unions. The solution of such disputes requires knowledge
of industrial sociology.
14. Betterment of Employer-employee Relationships: - Industrial peace and progress
depends upon harmonious relationships between the employer and the employees. This
requires suitable attention to several factors such as rates of wages, working conditions,
behaviour of bureaucracy, security of jobs, and provision of housing and scientific
method of recruitment etc. all these fall within the scope of industrial sociology whose
help is therefore necessary for the betterment of employer-employee relationships.
15. Use in Labour Legislation: - In 20th century new labour legislation have been
enacted along with progress of industrialization in India. These acts have helped in the
solution of so many problems. These are however, far from being adequate. Industrial
sociology makes a scientific study of labour legislation. Therefore, its guidance may be
useful in enacting proper and necessary labour legislations in India. For example, Indian
government have provided for the participation of labour representatives in the
management of large scale industries. Industrial sociology makes scientific study of
labour participation on industrial management.
16. National Peace and Progress: - Progress in any direction in the country requires
national peace and progress at its first conditions. This, in turn, requires understanding of
urban and industrial problems. It also requires removal of conflict among various sections
in industry. In India today while increasing capitalism is creating new problems,
politicization of labour unions is equally increasing difficulties. A solution of the possible
conflict requires theoretical direction from industrial sociology.
17. Help in Industrial Planning: - Indian government is making effort in the direction
of industrial planning. In five year plans special efforts are being made towards planned
development of industries. This planning requires solution of so many problems such as
illiteracy, too much population, absence of data, low level of wages, retarded agriculture,
absence of trained personnel, legal formalities, pressure of taxes, inflation, black money,
corruption etc. all these problems are studied by the industrial sociologists. Therefore,
their suggestions may be valuable in the solution of these problems.

18. Betterment in International Relationship: - Several labour Organisation extend

beyond the national frontiers. Son many organisations are international. For example,
International Labour Organisation (ILO) seeks solution of labour problems all over the
world. As an organ of UNO it is connected with most of the nations of the world. It is
particularly usful for the developing countries including India. Fortunately, since the
beginning of this organisation, India has been closely associated with it and received
significant aid and assistance. Industrial sociology studies international labour
organisation and directs efforts towards the betterment of working condition of the
laborers everywhere. Thus it is useful in the betterment of international relationships.

Question 1.
b)

Which are the five Principles that have been suggested by Psychologist Blum?

Can you add a few more from your side?

Answer:
b)

The Psychologist Blum has suggested the following Principles:

1)

DO NOT AN AUTOCAT autocratic leadership is not good leadership. It is

self-defeating because the workers feel alienated and do not obey the leader willingly.
Therefore autocracy in leadership should be eschewed.
2)

LISTEN CAREFULLY It is very essential that the leader should be a good

listener. The supervisor must listen carefully to everything told to him subordinates. He
must accord full opportunity to the worker to present his case. Only when the worker has
presented his case. Only when the worker has presented his case should the leader
express his opinion.
3)

DONT DECIDE HURRIEDLY - It is rash to form an opinion about some

hurriedly after a casual glance or brief hearing. Some persons deny their subordinates the
opportunity to speak out their mind and pay no attention to their complaints. While it is
true that most of the complaints are not genuine, some are certainly so and if these are not
removed the morale in the company would suffer.
4)

DONT ARGUE WITH SUBORDINATES- A supervisor should under no

circumstances indulge in argument with his subordinate, be cause if he fails to persuade

or convince by his arguments, he is liable to issue orders to vindicate his point of view.
This creates frustration and sense of insecurity among the worker. The good leader does
not argue but listens carefully. Only after careful listening he issues order.
5)

DONT CRITICIZE PUBLICLY Nobody likes to be told off or reprimanded

in the presence of others. If a worker is rebuked publicly he feels insulted. The workers
are usually rash and they tend to retaliate if they are wounded emotionally. Therefore a
good leader avoids discussing the fault of workers in public. He points them out in
private and in a direct manner.

According to my side some principles are :

1) KNOW WHAT YOUR STRENGTHS ARE: To be leaders, we need each other to

reach our goals. Each of us has only some of the skills needed to do a great job. We need
to surround ourselves with people to fill in our gaps. Seventy-nine year-old Muriel Tower,
an experienced entrepreneur, said, "You get things done through other people. Number
one in business is get the best person for the job. Number two, delegate. Number three,
supervisego back and see that they did it."
In order to be effective, you need a team to work with. We lead on the basis of our
strengths;

we

gather

our

team

on

the

basis

of

their

strengths.

What is your leadership style? Are you a visionary? A person who can see the big picture
and take risks? Or are you a detail personan administrative type? You see the need for
systems and order. You do things right and at the right time. You are efficient. Perhaps
you are more of a sales persona people gatherer. You love people and can sell anything
to anyone, but don't care about details. Or maybe you just love working by yourself. A
hard workera producer. Let someone give you a track to run on and you'll do it.
Before you are thirty years old, you can probably do all of those jobs without too much
difficulty. But once you are over thirty, you realize you don't want to do the things you
aren't good at. It uses up too much energy. When you know what you are good at,
surround yourself with a team who are good at the other three.
When you have that team, meet with them regularly and have a purpose statement that
you work toward. Review it often with your staff so you don't lose your focus. Set short
and long term goals, and evaluate two or three times a year to see how you are doing.
Your team will be motivated toward reaching your goals together. Give credit where
credit is due. Say "thank you" to the people you are working with. Encourage them often!
Understanding your strengths and the strengths of others is a key to effective leadership.

2) STRIVE FOR EXCELLENCE: The people you want to influence will not rise to a
higher standard of excellence than what they observe in you. The authors of Mega trends
for Women write, "Male or female, the effective leader wins commitment by setting an
example of excellence."
Strive for excellence and you will motivate others to do the same.
4. BE PERSISTENT : Mother Teresa was a determined woman. Margaret Thatcher was
a determined woman. The key to being a good leader is endurancebeing a non-quitter.
You will be tempted to quit and be encouraged to quit by those who are friends and
enemies.

Be

unwilling

to

throw

in

the

towel.

Be

determined.

One journalist wrote of Mother Teresa: "When I met Mother Teresa, I discovered she was
very tinyless than five feet talland kept her head cocked to one side. She had gnarled
hands and thick peasant feet that protruded from under her coarse white sari. Although
there was no mistaking the aura of warmth and kindness that surrounded her, I felt I was
in the presence of the most powerful, focused and determined person I had ever met."
According to a survey done by Deloitte and Touches, senior women executives rated
Determination and Perseverance as the number one essential qualities for Women's
success in business. In order to leave this world a different place, you have to be
persistent. Leaders don't grow in a comfort zone. Leaders are not people with exceptional
talent; they are people who have learned from their mistakes and get up and try again.
Persistence is a key to effective leadership.
5. BE WILLING TO STAND ALONE: If you have a passion, a dream or a mission, set
measurable goals and work toward accomplishing them. You will find that many times
you may have to work alone. You will probably be lonely.
People are looking for leaders who are willing to give it all they have, and they will
followfor a while. However, when the going gets tough, when pleasure and comfort

compete with responsibility and long hours, followers will drop away. That is when you
have to be sure that what you are doing is right, so that you will keep going.
James Cook said, "A person who wants to lead the orchestra must turn his back on the
crowd."
6.BE READY FOR RESISTANCE : One of the facts of life is that when you are in
leadership, you have to solve problems.
Sometimes we have the faulty notion that we should be able to go through life problem
freethat if we have problems, something is wrong with our life. As leaders, we have to
be responsible, no matter how painful it is. Running away is not an option.
We can easily fall into waiting for someone else to solve our problems. You don't need to
wait for someone else's help. You will have problems. Be ready. Expect it. If you know
you are doing what is right, you won't cave in when the going gets tough.
Facing problems and dealing with them by making good decisions is the difference
between a leader and a follower.

Question 2. Write short note on any five:a)

Employment

Answer:

Employment :
All policies concerning recruitment, selection, and separation of employees are
included in this function. Employment is a contract between two parties, one being the
employer and the other being the employee. An employee may be defined as: "A person
in the service of another under any contract of hire, express or implied, oral or written,
where the employer has the power or right to control and direct the employee in the
material details of how the work is to be performed." In a commercial setting, the
employer conceives of a productive activity, generally with the intention of creating
profits, and the employee contributes labour to the enterprise, usually in return for
payment of wages.Emplolyment policies should provide clear guidelines on

the

following points :

a]

Minimum hiring qualification

b]

Preferred sources of recruitment

c]

Reservation of seats for scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, handicapped persons

and ex-servicemen
d]

Employment of local people and relations of existing staff

e]

Reliance on various selection devices such as university degrees, tests, interviews,

reference checks, physical examination etc.

f]

Basis (length of service or efficiency) to be followed in discharging an employee.

g]

Probation period

h]

Layoff and rehiring

C) Function & Concept of Industrial Management:

Answer)
According to Encyclopedia of social sciences a group of persons who cooperate to work
for some project are engaged in industrial management. Thus industrial management
involves direction, planning, adjustment, control and cooperation for realizing industrial
projects. In an industrial project, a number of elements are involved such as materials for
production, workers, managers, capitals investments etc. The materials of production
include land, raw material and machinery. According to J.R. Terry, industrial management
consists of realizing the industrial aim with the help of wherewithal of industrial
production. There are various types of management. The important ones are as follow:1. Production Management: - In the production management are included the following
elements: 1) Job analysis; 2) Determination of the system of production; 3)
standardization and; and 4) Study of time, speed and fatigue.
2. Development Management: - In this we study the kind and quality of raw material,
study of production of techniques and also the study of consumer needs.
3. Financial Management: - Under the budgeting is done and also data regarding market
conditions is collected.
4. Distribution Management: - Under this are included advertising, marketing research,
export and sale etc.
5. Sale Management: - Under this are included inviting tenders, organizing sales and
making provision for stock and storage.
6. Maintenance Management: - Under this is included maintenance of building etc.
7. Transport Management: - Under this are included arrangement for packing,
transportation warehousing etc.

8. Office Management: - Under this data regarding production and distribution are
collected and its record maintained.
9. Personnel Management: - Under this are included the recruitment and training of
workers and mangers. Also the pay scales are determined and rules for promotion and
increment laid down.
Functions of Industrial Management
The industrial management is a complex process and it involoves a number of functions.
In brief, following are the main functions of the industrial management:1) Forecasting- First or foremost function of the industrial management is to make
industrial projections, that is, to assess before hand the demand for the goods. Besides
when a new venture is undertaking forecasting consists of making assessment of the
needs for labour and equipment.
2) Planning- By dividing the complex industrial processes into their consitutents
planning are done. In the words of L. Urwik planning is a mental process, a decision to
do the work in proper manner.
3) Organisation- According to Brech organisation is to divide the responsibility and
entrust it to various departments. To organize means to entrust each worker in an industry
with jobs for which he is suited.
4) Direction- According to G. R. Terry direction consists of the following steps- to
speed- to speed up the work, to inspire the group and to create in each worker an aptitude
and liking of works.
5) Leadership- The business of leadership is to guide and inspire the workers in such
that optimum production is achieved.

6) Staffing- The most important element of any industry is workers. The quality of
workers makes or mass the industry. Therefore appointment of workers is the most
important factor in the industry. The appointment, training etc. of workers comes under
this head.
7) Motivation- In Industry production is done by machines but these machines are
operated by men. Men need to be motivated if satisfactory result is to be achieved.
8) Coordination- Defining coordination, Brech writes that coordination in the industry
means distribution of work in such a way that cordiality of relations is maintained. Marry
Parker Follet has enumerated four principles of coordination: A) To effect coordination in various processes from the very beginning.
B) In order to remove the defects of bureaucracy to maintain direct contact with the
workers.
C) Coordination of production, sale and labour.
d) To maintain and sustain coordination.
9) Control- Defining control, Brech writes, to achieve maximum product by determined
effort. The control is of four types: budgetary control, control over cost of production,
control over management and lastly financial control.
10) Communication- To maintain contact and rapport between workers, consumers,
shareholders and suppliers is called communication.

Question 2)
d) Maladjusted Worker

Answer:
Kinds of Maladjustment
Workers with a nervous temperament are maladjusted because normalcy of personality is
an essential condition of proper adjustment. Before turning to the proper adjustment of
the maladjusted worker it is necessary to understand his main problems. The
maladjustment of the workers with a nervous temperament is essentially an emotional
maladjustment. It can either be mild or serious. Fisher and Hanna have pointed out six
main problems in mild maladjustment and twelve main problems in the more serious
manifestations of it.
1. Mild Emotional Maladjustment- In this form, as is evident from the name, the
emotional maladjustment is mild and its symptoms are jealousy, self-pity, absence of
cheerful cooperation, fault finding, strong instincts, conflicts with labour, abnormal desire
to attract attention, etc. a worker with this problem is jealous of the other workers over
very minor issues and at times believes himself to be a victim of others enmity. He does
not cooperate with others cheerfully and is constantly engaged in finding faults of the
management and other colleagues. In attaining his own interests he pays no attention to
the propriety or impropriety of means and fights with others to gain all kinds of
advantages. He wants to attract the attention of others towards himself for no reason and
is not bothered about the propriety of the means he adopts for this purpose.
2. Serious Emotional Maladjustment- The main symptoms of this are the following:
a) Frequent change of jobs,
b) Extreme reticence and withdrawal,
c) Tired feelings,
d) Spasmodic and irregular application,
e) Daydreaming,
f) Deficiency in power of attention,
g) Extreme irritability,
h) Indigestion,
i) Fear,

j) Feelings of being spied upon,

k) Hearing voices,
l) Miscellaneous symptoms.
Workers with serous emotional maladjustment are seen changing jobs frequently. They
are not very serious about many things in their minds and experience exhaustion after
very little work. Their behaviour does not follow a definite pattern. They are not very
practical and are inclined to be lost in the world of imagination. They find it difficult to
concentrate their attention in any work. Small things irritate them. They also suffer
constantly from indigestion. They are unnecessarily afraid of many things and feel that
their friends are making complaints aboput them. Sometimes they also hear voices which
do not actually exist. There is little synthesis between their emotions and feelings. They
are victims of self-pity on the one hand and jealousy on the other. They do not turn their
attention to their own shortcomings; instead they blame others for their own failure. They
try to hide reality but despite this they feel inferior to other.
Explanation of Causes of Maladjustment
In the opinion of Fisher and Hanna, mild and serious emotional maladjustment is caused
by three main factors, the following:
1) Emotional immaturity.
2) Exaggeration or over-expression of one or more drives,
3) Abnormal expression of emotions.
Maladjustment can also have causes other than these three. Many important researches
have been conducted on this subject. H. M. Adler examined one hundred patients in 1917
and pointed out the following three causes of professional maladjustment:
1. Paranoid personalities,
2. Inadequate personalities,
3. Emotional instability.
Test of Maladjustment

While the reports furnished by the authorities are useful, many scientific methods are
used to test maladjustment. The more extensively used methods are ergograph test,
McDougall-Schuster Dotting Test, Graphic Pursuit Meter, Pressure Test, Medical
Examination, finding out the emotional nature and development of the worker by
examining his external behaviour, etc. All these methods should be used to discover the
maladjustment workers in industry.

(f)

Industrial Bureaucracy

Answer: The meaning of the term bureaucracy is hierarchical arrangement of authority in

the field of industry. The term bureaucracy is derived from the French word Bureau
which means desk. The word bureau also means tier or step and therefore it signifies
hierarchical arrangement of officialdom or management in the field of industry.
According to Max Weber, Bureaucracy is a system of administration characterized by
expertness, impartiality and absence of humanity. In this definition industrialized
systems are taken to be akin to a type of administrative system whose chief
characteristics are efficiency in work performance, an objective and impartial outlook and
most important of all lack of human touch, that is it operates mechanically. The absence
of human touch is due to the fact that bureaucracy functions under the framework of rule
and regulations though this militates against human sensibility.
Functional Features of Bureaucracy
1.

Rules and regulations strictly govern importance of Impersonal Rules The

bureaucratic set- up. This rules and regulations are impersonal and impartial. This leads
permanence and continuity to the bureaucratic functioning. In bureaucracy not person is
indispensable .
2.

Clear and specified Functions - In bureaucratic set-up each member whether

low or high in the hierarchy has his functions determined and specified. There is clear
and unambiguous division of labour in bureaucracy. The basis division of labour is
efficiency and ability.
3.

Hierarchy of Positions In bureaucracy there is a hierarchical arrangement of

posts and positions.

4.

A bureaucracy has rules of Control In bureaucratic set- up the superior officer

exercises control over his juniors. However, this control is not due to personal qualities of
the officer but is on account of rules and regulations.

5.

Separation between administrators and proprietors- In a bureaucratic set up

the owner of an enterprise is not necessarily the highest officer.

6

Lack of Monopoly In a bureaucracy no person has monopolistic control and

therefore no person is indispensable. If need be, any person can be replaced or

transferred.
7.

Rules, Decisions and Commands are written In bureaucracy set-up all rules,

regulations and decisions are reduced to writing in order to avoid ambiguity and misuse.

Advantages of Bureaucracy:
1.

Systematic Administration As is evident from the various definitions of

bureaucracy, its system is devised to make administration systematic and scientific.

2.

Administration by Able Persons In bureaucratic set up the work of industry is

divided into various levels and departments and the persons having suitable qualifications
for each type of work are recruited.
3.

Effective Control The bureaucracy functions on principles and under it no

room is allowed for personal likes and dislikes. At times this feature may render it
seemingly inhuman, but this ensured effective control and minimizes arbitrariness.
4.

Possibility of Large Scale Industry The greatest advantage of bureaucracy is

that with the help of this system huge industrial empires can be built up and run
efficiently.

Disadvantages of Bureaucracy:

1.

Red Tapism Red Tapism is the biggest defect of bureaucracy. In a bureaucratic

set up, the files and papers move at a snails pace and it takes inordinately long time to
reach any decision on any matter.
2.

Authoritative Tendency In a bureaucratic set up the officers occupying top

ranks are liable to make an arbitrary use of their authority. They trend to act with scant
consideration for the harmful effects of their decision upon the persons concerned. Thus
bureaucracy tends to become non humane.
3.

Superiority Complex - In bureaucracy the top ranking officers are afflicted with

egoism; they bluff and bluster. Drunk with power they treat their subordinates with little
respect. Therefore, the subordinates feel slighted and demoralized.
4.

Emphasis on Impersonal Relations It is a common observation that even those

personnel who are very polite and courteous in their behavior turn rude and indifferent
upon assuming the position of authority.
5.

Circumlocution- In bureaucracy the officers tend to abide by a too literal

interpretation of rules and give credence to statistics available in their in their books even
when a responsible doubt can occur in this matter.
6.

Class Consciousness - In bureaucracy the officers consider themselves as an

upper caste and look down upon the subordinates.

7.

Emphasis on Routine- In bureaucracy innovation is scarified and routine

encouraged.

g)

Suggestions for improvement of Trade Unions.

Answer: For the proper development of trade union the following suggestions are :1.

Provision for education of workers For the proper growth of Indian Trade

Unions, a comprehensive scheme for the education of the workers is necessary. The
majority of Indian workers are thumb- embosses; they cannot write or read anything
whatsoever. Such workers are unskilled and technically untrained. They should be given
the opportunity for technical training. Beside literacy and technical education the Indian
worker should also be told about labour laws relevant to his services. He should know his
rights and privileges as well as his obligations. If the average worker educated and
knowledgeable, the progress and development of trade unions is bound to be automatics.
2.

Proper Election of Labour Leaders The success of any organization depends

upon its leadership. If the quality and caliber of leadership is available the success is most
assured; but on the other hand, if the leadership is of indifferent quality not much can be
expected from it. The workers in India blindly follow their leaders. Therefore, the
interests of workers are safe only if the leader is a selfless person dedicated to the
upliftment if the downtrodden. Another essential condition for the success of a labour
union is that the labour leader should know the problems of the workers intimately and at
first hand; only then can he be expected to give the proper leadership. A professional who
knows little about workers problem first hand is more often than not a misleader. To
ensure that workers get proper leaders, they must be elected directly by them and should
not be nominees of somebody.
3.

Mutual Co-operation In spite of the fact that all labour unions pursue the same

ends, it is regrettable that there is little co-operation among them. For a comprehensive
development of trade unionism in India it is imperative that there should be broad based
mutual cooperation and give and take among the various labour unions. If all trade
unions work jointly they will be such a force that the role of intermediaries will be over
and the industrialists will listen to them most cautiously. Indeed unity is strength and a
united organization is a formidable force.

4.

Internal Co-operation :- Besides co-operation among various labour unions, it is

equally, if not more important that there should be internal unity and co-operation with in
a trade union. There is a great diversity among Indian workers. They come from different
regions, speak different tongues, profess different religions . Under these circumstances a
great effort is needed to weld this amalgam of individuals into a cohesive force. It is
required that workers should develop class consciousness. They should realize that as
workers their interest lie in unity among workers and that differences of religion,
languages etc. must be forgotten. In order to develop a consciousness of class and a spirit
of unity among workers labour have to strive very hard.
5.

Providing Permanent Residence :- For the proper development of trade unions

it is necessary that the majority of worker must be permanent residents of towns and
cities in which they work. By staying with other workers each worker will come to know
each other intimately and this will foster a sense of unity and brotherhood among them. If
the workers have to stay permanently in industrial towns it is necessary that vast labour
colonies be constructed. This will put an end to the migratory habit of workers and
secondly they will be able to stay with their families.
6.

Economic and social Uplift of Workers:- It is sine qua non of success of labour

movement that there should be improvement of the economic and social conditions of the
workers. An average worker is perennially under the threat of starvation and bankruptcy
and social action has no meaning for him. Even socially the worker are looked down
upon. They suffer from an inferiority complex. It is essential in this context that these
persons should be given remuneration commensurate with the nature of their work.
7.

Appointment of Paid Officials Generally the persons working in trade unions

and welfare associations has to work graits; they are paid nothing for their services.
Under these circumstances these persons do not function efficiently and are liable to avail
any opportunity of embezzlement etc.

8.

Appointment of Specialists In order to ensure the success of labour unions it is

necessary that some specialists be appointed to assist these unions in intricate matters. In
modern Industry very complex problems arise. There can be disputes regarding leaves,
bonus, arrears and matters of recruitment, promotion and retrenchment. In these cases the
services of specialists are much in need.
9.

Co-operation of Industrialists and Government - The success of labour unions

is not possible without certain amount of co-operation of industrialists. The employers

should consider labour unions not as adversaries but think of an useful instruments of
industrial progress.
10.

Confidence of Public - Over and above the conditions listed above it is equally

essential for the success of labour movement that it should win public confidence. Public
confidence is an almighty force. Whosever has it is assured of success.

Question 4:
a)

What is recruitment? What are the major channels through which the recruitment

to industries in India is done in modern days.

Answer :
INTRODUCTION :
Recruitment is the first step in industrial employment. The ultimate success or
failure of such employment depends on a large measure upon the methods and
organization by means of which the workers are brought into the industry. If the workers
in any undertaking are not recruited in accordance with some systematic proper and
judicious manner, most of them are likely to be found inefficient and often quite unfit for
the jobs allocated to them. It will hinder production which in turn, will mean a substantial
loss to total output. So scientific principles of labour administration and labour
management should be applied in recruiting the workers in various units of organized
industries.
The employment of personnel is a four step process. These steps are -

(a)

To determine manpower requirements (b) Recruitment, (c) Selection (d) Induction or

Placement or Orientation.
DEFINITION OF RECRUITMENT
Recruitment is the process of searching for prospective employees and
stimulating and encouraging them to apply for jobs in an organisation.

Following chart gives an idea of the various sources of recruitment.

SOURCES OF RECRUITMENT

Internal Sources

External Sources

1]

Promotions

1]

Employment Exchanges

2]

Transfers

2]

Advertisement

3]

Absorption of Trainees

3]

Colleges & Universities

4]

Advertisement (Internal)

4]

Recommendations of

5]

Lent services

present Employees

6]

Extention of services

5]

Labour Unions

6]

Field Trips

7]

Personnel Consultants

8]

Factory Gate

9]

Jobbers of contractors

10]

From other Firms.

Following are the channels of recruitment employed today in India.

1.

Recruitment through Intermediaries :

Most of the recruitment in Indian

industry through intermediaries or brokers. These intermediaries or brokers are either in

the pay of the industrialists or work as their commission agents. To gather and recruit
workers according to the needs and specifications of the industrialists is the Job of these
intermediaries or brokers. The brokers go around the village and residential quarters of
workers and offer them opportunities of employment. At times these these intermediaries
bring the workers to cities by enticement and offer of illusory benefits. The industrialists
pay the travel and other expenses incurred by the intermediaries. The functions and
importance of brokers have been clearly brought out by the Labour Investigation
Committee : He is almost an ubiquitous feature of recruitment and labour
administration in India and usually combines in himself a formidable array of functions.

Advantages of Broker Recruitment

Easy Availability of Workers

Facility in Industrial Management

Lessening of Employers Responsibility

Disadvantages

Exploitation of worker

Recruitment of Incompetent Workers

Increase in Industrial Conflicts

Non- availability of Permanent Workers

2.

Recruitment by Contractors: In India a large number of workers are recruited

to industry through the medium of contractors. The industrialists make arrangement for
getting any job done against a specified amount with contractors. Now it becomes the
duty of the contractor to complete the job in a specific time; otherwise they would not get
any payment. Once a contract is made, it becomes an exclusive responsibility of the
contractor to complete the job in all respects within the given time period. The
contractors not only engaged the labour force but also provides for the raw materials,
machinery and equipment needed for the competition of Job.
Advantages of Contract work

The contract work can be got done at short notice.

In contract work, the completion of the job within a specified period, becomes
the responsibility of the contractor and the headache of the industrialist is off.

It is generally believed that the work done on contract is less costly.

If a job is done on contract, the contractor recruits the entire labour force. These
workers are the employees of the contractor.

Disadvantage of Contract work

The worker recruited by contractors are denied various compulsory benefits

available to their counterparts in the industry.

The contractors mete out arbitrary treatment to the workers. They exploit the
workers freely. The need are engaged at very low rates and the contractor also
determines rates and their working hours.

Besides monetary exploitation the poor workers are also subjected to moral
exploitation.

3.

Direct Recruitment

Question 5)
a) Write a synopsis on the impact of industrialization upon various aspects of society.
Answer)
The inter-relationship between people and their environment is called society. The human
relations are determined by people attitudes. The pattern of human relations and the
nature of human civilization and culture mutually determine each other. The pattern of
human relations in an agricultural society is quite different from that of the industrial
society. Industrialization has affected the society in every respects customs and traditions,
fashion and manners, the ways and modes of living have all been deeply influenced by
industrialization. The processes of industrialization are intimately related with scientific
processes. Therefore, the attitude of the members of industrial society becomes logical
and precise. Superstition and blind faith has no place in an industrial society. People
expect and demand a rational explanation of every phenomenon. Reason, not faith is the
touchstone of every action and belief in an industrial society. Freedom of thought and
individualism are the cornerstones of the industrial society. The methods and means of
social control have changed. The following discussion is an attempt to make an in depth
study of the impact industrialization has upon the various facets of society:
Impact upon marriage and family