#include <stdio.

h>
#include <iostream>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <time.h>
using namespace std;
// for ease: global variables
const int empty = 0;
// what an empty cell counts as
const int N = 9;
// side length of puzzle
// function prototypes:
// prints the puzzle to the console;
void printPuzzle(unsigned int puzzle[N][N]);
// finds next available empty cell
bool findEmptyCell(unsigned int puzzle[N][N], unsigned int &row, unsigned int &col);
// checks if guess is acceptable
bool okayNumberToUse(unsigned int puzzle[N][N], unsigned int row, unsigned int col,
unsigned int num);
// the actual solving algorithm
bool SolveSudoku(unsigned int puzzle[N][N]);

int main(){
// 0 means empty cell
unsigned int puzzle[N][N] = {
{ 0, 9, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0,
{ 3, 0, 0, 7, 0, 5, 0,
{ 0, 0, 6, 0, 0, 0, 5,
{ 0, 3, 0, 0, 9, 0, 0,
{ 6, 0, 0, 4, 0, 2, 0,
{ 0, 5, 0, 0, 3, 0, 0,
{ 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 7,
{ 1, 0, 0, 9, 0, 6, 0,
{ 0, 8, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0,

8,
0,
0,
1,
0,
4,
0,
0,
6,

0
4
0
0
3
0
0
8
0

},
},
},
},
},
},
},
},
} };

printPuzzle(puzzle);
if (SolveSudoku(puzzle)){
printPuzzle(puzzle);
} // end if (SolveSudoku(puzzle))
else{
printf("No solution exists\n");
} // end else if (SolveSudoku(puzzle))
return 0;
} // end int main()

void printPuzzle(unsigned int puzzle[N][N]){

cout << "\n\t-------------------------" << endl;
for (int row = 0; row < N; row++)
{
cout << "\t";
if (row == 3 || row == 6){
cout << "--------+-------+--------" << endl << "\t";
} // end if (row == 3 || row == 6)
for (int col = 0; col < N; col++){
if (col == 0 || col == 3 || col == 6){
cout << "| ";
} // end if (col == 0 || col == 3 || col == 6)
if (puzzle[row][col] != 0){
cout << puzzle[row][col] << " ";
} // end if (puzzle[row][col] != 0)
else{
cout << "_ ";
} // end else if (puzzle[row][col] != 0)
if (col == 8){
cout << "|";
} // end if (col == 8)
} // end for(int col = 0; col < N; col++)
cout << endl;
} // end for(int row = 0; row < N; row++)
cout << "\t-------------------------" << endl;
cout << endl;
} // end void printPuzzle(unsigned int puzzle[N][N])
bool SolveSudoku(unsigned int puzzle[N][N]){
unsigned int row, col;
// 1. find an empty cell
//
-- if there isn't one, we've solved the puzzle
if (!findEmptyCell(puzzle, row, col)){
return true; // success!
} // end if (!findEmptyCell(puzzle, row, col))
for (int num = 1; num <= N; num++){
// the number "num" is a valid guess
if (okayNumberToUse(puzzle, row, col, num)){
// assign num to the empty cell
puzzle[row][col] = num;
// assume this guess is correct
if (SolveSudoku(puzzle)){
return true;
} // end if (SolveSudoku(puzzle))
else{
// if this guess doesn't branch into a correct solution
// backtrack
puzzle[row][col] = empty;
} // end else if (SolveSudoku(puzzle))
} // end if (okayNumberToUse(puzzle, row, col, num))
} // end for (int num = 1; num <= N; num++)
// enables back tracking when the
// search tree reaches the end of a branch.
return false;
} // end bool SolveSudoku(unsigned int puzzle[N][N])]

bool findEmptyCell(unsigned int puzzle[N][N], unsigned int &row, unsigned int &col){
for (row = 0; row < N; row++){
for (col = 0; col < N; col++){
if (puzzle[row][col] == empty){
return true;
} // end if (puzzle[row][col] == empty)
} // end for (col = 0; col < N; col++)
} // end for (row = 0; row < N; row++)
return false;
} // end bool findEmptyCell(unsigned int puzzle[N][N], unsigned int &row, unsigned int
&col)
bool okayNumberToUse(unsigned int puzzle[N][N], unsigned int row, unsigned int col,
unsigned int num){
// check cells row and column;
for (int idx = 0; idx < N; idx++){
if (puzzle[row][idx] == num || puzzle[idx][col] == num){
return false;
} // end if (puzzle[row][idx] == num || puzzle[idx][col] == num)
} // end for (int idx = 0; idx < N; idx++)

// find which box it's in.

int sqrtN = sqrt(N);
int boxRowStart = row - row % sqrtN;
int boxColStart = col - col % sqrtN;
// check the box
for (int rowcheck = boxRowStart; rowcheck < boxRowStart + 3; rowcheck++){
for (int colcheck = boxColStart; colcheck < boxColStart + 3; colcheck++){
if (puzzle[rowcheck][colcheck] == num){
return false;
} // end if (puzzle[rowcheck][colcheck] == num)
} // end for (int colcheck = boxColStart; colcheck < boxColStart + 3;
colcheck++)
} // for (int rowcheck = boxRowStart; rowcheck < boxRowStart + 3; rowcheck++)
return true;
} // end bool okayNumberToUse(unsigned int puzzle[N][N], unsigned int row, unsigned int
col, unsigned int num)