ChE 154 - Transfer Operations II

1st sem. 2015-2016

INTRODUCTION

Asst. Prof. Jewel A. Capunitan

Department of Chemical Engineering
College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology
University of the Philippines Los Baos

DIAGNOSTICS
One hundred kilograms of a mixture of materials A & B is
subjected to a separation process. If 80% of A from the feed
was recovered in one stream, which contains 40 kg of A,
what is the composition of the original mixture?

DIAGNOSTICS
UNIT OPERATION or UNIT PROCESS?

Evaporation
Filtration
Hydrogenation
Gas absorption
Fermentation

What is Chemical Engineering?

Application of the principles of the physical sciences,

economics, and human relations to fields that pertain directly
to processes and process equipment in which matter is
treated to effect a change in state, energy content or
composition (Foust et al., 1980)

Has something to do with industrial process in which raw

materials are changed or separated into useful products (Mc
Cabe et al., 1993)

Philippine Republic Act (RA) 9297

Chemical Engineering Law of 2004

Chemical
engineering
involves
conceptualization,
development, design, improvement and application of safe,
healthy, ethical and economic ways of utilizing materials
and energy in unit processes and operations for the benefit
of society and environment through the application of
chemical engineering subjects and the knowledge of
natural and physical science, mathematics, information
technology and other general education subjects.

Tasks of the Chemical Engineer

To develop, design and engineer a complete process and

equipment used

To choose the appropriate raw materials

To ensure that the plant operates efficiently, safely and

economically

To produce products that meet the standards of the

customer

WAYS TO STUDY INDUSTRIAL PROCESSING

Each industry as a unit

Each unit operation with its functions

Example: SALT MANUFACTURE

Transportation of solids and liquids

Heat transfer

Evaporation

Crystallization

Drying

Screening

Example: PETROLEUM INDUSTRY

Transportation of solids and liquids

Heat transfer

Distillation

Mechanical Separation

UNIT OPERATION

shall mean the physical operation by which a desired step in an

industrial process is conducted or controlled. This includes, but
is not limited to: storage of gases, liquids, solids, heat transfer,
evaporation; mass transfer, i.e. distillation, absorption,
adsorption, drying, humidification, extraction, leaching, mixing
and dispersion, separation, i.e. filtration, screening, molecular
sieving and coalescing.

UNIT PROCESS

shall mean the chemical change which is involved in the

manufacture of industrial or consumer products or the
treatment of industrial or chemical wastes.

CLASSIFICATION OF UNIT OPERATIONS

Based on Functions and Phase Treated

Unit operations that treat solids

Unit operations that treat fluids

Mass transfer

Heat transfer

PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS

SOLIDS

Can be found in many forms (powders, rolls, sheets, etc.)

Difficult to handle as compared to liquids and gases

Many industries deal with solid materials either as feedstock,

product or process intermediates

TYPICAL SOLIDS PROCESSING OPERATIONS

Particle sizing & shaping

Drying

Crushing/grinding

Adsorption/desorption

Particle classification
(separation by size)

Crystallization

Flotation

Flocculation

Fluidization

Settling

Leaching

Packing & compaction

Filtration

Caking

Ion exchange

SOME INDUSTRIES THAT USE FLUID/PARTICLE PROCESSES

water conditioning

environmental cleanup

coal chemicals

glass industry

industrial carbon

phosphorous production

ceramics

potassium production

paints

nuclear industries

explosives and propellants

food and food processing

agriculture

sugar and starch

fermentation wood

chemicals

pulp and paper

plastics

synthetic fibers

rubber industries

petrochemicals

pharmaceuticals

SOLIDS

Particulate Solids - individual solid particles that are

characterized in terms of their size, shape and density.

Mixture of Particles - described by average or total values of

different parameters; can be homogeneous or
heterogeneous.

PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS
Brown et al. (1950)

Specific Gravity

Density

Hardness

Brittleness or Friability

Toughness

Friction

McCabe et al. (1993)

Size

Shape

Density

PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS
Foust et al. (1980)
1. Properties of individual particles and bulk particles

Size

Shape

Volume

Solid Density

Mass

Thermal Conductivity

Surface Area

Hardness

Hygroscopic Tendency

Specific Heat

PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS
Foust et al. (1980)
2. Properties of the solids-voids phase particles

Void fraction or porosity

Effective density

Surface area per cubic feet

Effective thermal conductivity

Permeability

Angle of repose or steepness

Definition of Some Selected Properties

1. DENSITY

For gases and liquids, we assume that the materials

completely fill the volume of the holding container

For solids, the same assumption cannot be applied

due to the presence of voids (spaces or pores) within
the material

1. DENSITY
Table 1. Density Terms
Term

Symbol

Formula

Porosity

void volume /
total bed volume

Absolute
(True Density)

mass of solids/
volume of solids

mass of solids /
total bed volume

Bulk (Apparent
density)

Note:
Bulk density (b) is not intrinsic characteristic of material but a function of
size distribution, porosity and kind of material.
If the material is non-porous, a = b = .

1. DENSITY
Example 1
Suppose 600 g of crushed ore is placed in a graduated
cylinder, filling it to the 184-cm3 level. One hundred cubic
centimeters of water is then added to the cylinder,
whereupon the water level is observed to be 233.5 cm3.
Calculate the (a) porosity of the dry particle bed, (b) bulk
density of the ore in wet bed, that is ore plus water, and (c)
absolute density of the ore.

2. SPECIFIC GRAVITY

For solids and liquids, water is usually the reference material

material
SG =
reference

3. HARDNESS

Defined as the resistance to

indentation
(metals
&
plastics) or scratching (for
minerals)
Hardness is expressed in
terms of the Mohs scale
(based on a series of
minerals
of
increasing
hardness)
Note:
A mineral with higher Mohs
scale rating can scratch the
others having a lower rating.

Mohs Scale

1. Talc
2. Gypsum
3. Calcite

4. Fluorite
5. Apatite
6. Feldspar
7. Quartz
8. Topaz
9. Sapphire
10. Diamond

4. BRITTLENESS or FRIABILITY

The ease with which a substance may be broken by impact

Influenced by the substances crystalline structure and size

After crushing, different outcome shape because of the

cleavage planes which are the crystalline planes in which
crystals are easily broken

Should not be equated to hardness because some soft

materials is not friable ( ex. plastic materials )

5. TOUGHNESS

Opposite of friability

For metals and alloys, this is termed as impact resistance

6. FRICTION

Resistance to sliding of one material against another

material

7. PARTICLE SHAPE

Expressed in terms of sphericity or s (consider sphere as

having the simplest shape)
surface area of a sphere having
Sphericity = the same volume as the particle
surface area of the particle

For spherical particle, s = 1

7. PARTICLE SHAPE

For non-spherical particle

6 p
s =
DpSp
where :
Dp = equivalent diameter (equal
to the computed diameter
of a sphere having the
same volume
as
the
particle in question)

p = volume of one particle

Sp = surface area of one particle

Example of sphericity values:

Crushed materials: 0.6-0.8
Particles rounded by abrasion:
0.95
Cubes: 0.81

Table 28.1, p.928, McCabe,5th ed.,1993

7. PARTICLE SHAPE
Example 2
Determine the sphericity of a cylinder with height-to
diameter ratio of 2.

8. SIZE

For an equidimensional particle, this is referred to as

diameter

For non-equidimensional particle, the size is based on the

second longest major dimension (not on the longest available
dimension)

8. SIZE

For an irregularly shaped particle, the size is based on the size

of an equivalent sphere

Often expressed in different units depending on the size range

of particles:
a. Coarse particles (inches, mm)
b. Fine particles (screen size, mesh no.)
c. Very fine particles (micrometer, nanometer)
d. Ultrafine particles (surface area per mass)

END OF LECTURE
REMINDERS!

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