History 2112- Final

WWII
• Invasion of Poland September 1, 1939- started WWII
• September 3 Britain and France declared war
• June 22, 1941- Operation Barossa the Germans invaded Russia; Germans destroyed a lot
of Russian towns, and 30 million Russians were killed
• Americans helped secretly with embargos
Political help
1. March 1941- Lend Lease Act; authorized President to lend any item necessary to those
that would help protect the U.S. like Britain, Russia, and China
2. August 1941- Atlantic chart off the coast of Newfoundland between Franklin Roosevelt and
Winston Churchill. This is where Churchill fell in love with FDR as he walked to the next
boat (which was hard because he had polio)
FDR’s Four Freedom
1. Freedom of speech
2. Freedom of religion
3. Freedom of want
4. Freedom of fear
• Set forth the idea of United Nation
• December 7, 1941 Pearl Harbor
Four Main Conferences
1. Casablanca Conference (Jan 1943)- Churchill and FDR; decided they wanted the
unconditional surrender of Germany
2. Tehran, Iran (Nov 1943) - Churchill, FDR, and Stalin; agreed on three things.
a. Russia would declare war on Japan after Germany’s defeat
b. Agreed U.S and Britain would start a second front on Germany (D-Day)
c. Discussed a formal United Nations
3. Yalta, Russia (Feb 1945)- Churchill, FDR, and Stalin
a. Divided Germany into four occupying zones, 1 for France, Soviet Union, Great
Britain, and U.S.
b. Conference in San Francisco, to draw up a charter for the UN (to replace the League
of Nations)
c. Soviet Union agreed to hold free elections in Eastern Europe
4. Potsdam Conference (Germany)- unconditional defeat, Truman, Stalin, and Churchill
(Churchill is replaced by Clement Attlee)
a. Discussed the peace terms offer Germany and Japan
b. Formally demanded unconditional surrender from Japan
c. Try the Nazi leaders as war criminals (Nuremberg Trials)
Turning Points of WWII
1. Pacific Theater
a. 1942 in the Battle of Midway
2. European Theater
a. North African Campaign
b. Battle of Stalingrad (major turning point)
Articles of the Constitution
Article 1: Legislative Branch: the U.S. Congress makes the laws for the United States. Congress
has two parts, called "Houses," the House of Representatives and the Senate.
Article 2: Executive Branch: the President, Vice-President, Cabinet, and Departments under the
Cabinet Secretaries carry out the laws made by Congress.
Article 3: Judicial Branch: the Supreme Court decides court cases according to US Constitution.
The courts under the Supreme Court decide criminal and civil court cases according to the
correct federal, state, and local laws.
Article 4: States' powers: States have the power to make and carry out their own laws. State laws
that are related to the people and problems of their area. States respect other states laws and
work together with other states to fix regional problems.
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Article 5: Amendments: The Constitution can be changed. New amendments can be added to the
US
Constitution with the approval by a two-thirds vote in each house of Congress (67, 281) and
three-fourth vote by the states (38).
Article 6: Federal powers: The Constitution and federal laws are higher than state and local laws.
All laws must agree with the US Constitution.
Article 7: Ratification: The Constitution was presented to George Washington and the men at the
Constitutional Convention on September 17, 1787, Representatives from twelve out of the
thirteen original states signed the Constitution. From September 1787 to July 1788, the states
meet, talked about, and finally voted to approve the Constitution.
The Cold War (1945-1991)
1. 1945-46 Post WWII
Three Events
a. Stalin keeps the military at wartime strength
b. Article X George Kennan: the policy of containment and the domino theory
c. Churchill, Fulton, Missouri: “an iron curtain has descended across the continent of
Europe”- Russia placed a barbwire around land
1. 1947-62 The Acute Cold War
Six events
a. 1947 Marshall Plan (15,000,000,000) - U.S. program for the reconstruction of post- World
War II Europe through massive aid to former enemy nations as well as allies; proposed by
General George C. Marshall in 1947.
b. 1948 Berlin Airlift- airlift in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin
when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin
c. 1949 NATO- North Atlantic Treaty Organization; defense alliance founded in 1949 by ten
western European nations, the United States, and Canada to deter Soviet expansion in
Europe
d. 1950-53 Korean War- conflict touched off in 1950 when Communist North Korean
invaded South Korea, which had been under U.S. control since the end of WWII; fighting
largely by U.S. forces continued until 1953.
e. 1961 Berlin Wall- was a physical barrier completely encircling West Berlin, separating it
from the German East Germany
f. Cuban Missile Crisis- caused when the United States discovered Soviet offensive missile
sites in Cuba in October 1962; the U.S.-Soviet confrontation was the cold war’s closest
brush with nuclear war.
ICBM’s (intercontinental ballistic missile) as opposed to MRBM’s (medium-range ballistic missile)
1. 1963-68 Limited Détente
Three Events
a. Hot Line Agreement- the Moscow-Washington hotline is a system that allows direct
communication between the leaders of the United States and Russia.
b. Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (LNTBT)- banning all nuclear weapon test in the
atmosphere, in outer space and under water.
c. Vietnam Crisis escalates- Russians start to send North Vietnamese weaponry.
1. 1969-79 Détente
Two Events
a. February 1972- Visit to China- Nixon visits China, accomplished by Henry Kissinger
b. May 1972- SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty/Talk)- refers to two rounds of bilateral
talks and corresponding international treaties involving the United States and the Soviet
Union-the Cold War superpowers—on the issue of armament control.
1. 1980-88 Renewed Cold War
Two Events
a. Election of President Reagan- this scared the Russians as his administration started to
spend billions to build new weapon systems.
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b. SDI- Strategic Defense Initiative “Star Wars”; Defense Department’s plan during the
Reagan administration to build a system to destroy incoming missiles in space.
1. 1980-91 End of the Cold War
Mikhail Gorbachev- implemented four new reforms
a. Glasnost- means openness
b. Perestroika- means restructuring
c. Democratization- a loosening of central economic planning and censorship
d. “New Thinking” in foreign policy- sought to rapprochement and trade with the West, and
he aimed to relieve the Soviet economy of burdensome military cost.
Civil Rights Movement of the fifties
Six pivotal events
a. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954)- U.S. Supreme Court decision that struck
down racial segregation in public education and declared “separate but equal”
unconstitutional.
b. Rosa Parks (1955)-
c. SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference) 1967- civil rights organization founded
in 1957 by Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., and other civil rights leaders.
d. SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee) 1960- student activist, black and
white, formed this committee which worked with King’ SCLC to broaden the civil rights
movement.
e. Civil Rights Act of 1964- outlawed discrimination in public accommodations and
employment
f. Voting Rights Act of 1965- Passed in the wake of Martin Luther King’s Selma to
Montgomery March, it authorized federal protection of the right to vote and permitted
federal enforcement of minority voting rights in individual counties, mostly in the South.
Amendments
• 1st -Freedom of Speech ("Eagle v. Vitale, Abington School of District v. Schempp, West
Virginia v. Barnette, U.S. e New York Times, Tinker v. Des Moines, NAACP v. Alabama, BSA
v. Dale)
• 2nd- The Rights to Bear Arms
• 3rd- Quartering of Troops
• 4th- Unreasonable Searches and Seizures (Mapp v. Ohio, New Jersey v. T.L.O., Board of
Education v. Earls)
• 5th- Due Process of Law
• 6th- The Right to a Fair Trial (Gideon v. Wainwright)
• 7th- Trial by Jury in Civil Cases
• 8th- Cruel and Unusual Punishment (Ingraham v, Wright)
• 9th- Unremunerated Rights
• 10th- States’ Rights
• 11th-Lawsuit Against States
• 12th-Choosing the Executive
• 13th-Abolishing Slavery
• 14th-Equal Protection of the Laws
• 15th-Sufferage of Black Men
• 16th-Income Taxes
• 17th-Direct Election of Senators
• 18th-Prohibition
• 19th-Woman’s Suffrage
• 20th- Lame Ducks
• 21st-Repealing Prohibition
• 22nd-Presidental Term Limits
• 23rd-Electoral Votes for the District of Columbia
• 24th-Banning the Poll Tax
• 25th-Presidental Succession and Disability
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• 26th-Suffrage for Young People

• 27th- Limiting Congressional Pay Raises