A NOVEL ANALYSIS OF FM DISCRIMINATORS

BY TAYLOR'S EXPANSION
Choong Woong Lee,
College of Engineering
Seoul National University
Seoul, Korea

discriminator).

Abstract
The theory of FM discriminators is presented by expanding its transfer function into Taylor's series, anid the
application of the results to the typical FM discriminators
(slope discriminator, Travis discriminator, Foster-Seeley
discriminator, and line discriminator) is added.
The output signal of the FM discriminator expressed by
Taylor's expansion shows the clear relationship between
the fundamental and the harmonics. The design equations
obtained from this analysis enable a designer to construct
FM discriminators wbich wvill provide a desired low distortion performance.

INTRODUCTION
The extremely low distortion in the FM wave demodulation has become required to eliminate cross talks in the
multiplex communication system. Previous papers (1), (2) which
dealt with FM discriminator linearity attempted to show
the correlations between the fundamental and the harmonics
by expanding the magnitudes of the tuned circuits in the
discriminator with Taylor's expansion. However, the approach reported here differs from those previously employed
by the following: The output signal of the discriminator
will be shown in a series form by expanding its transfer
function into Taylor's series, which shows the clear relationship between the fundamental and the harmonics, aind
then the amplitude of substantially dominant harmonic in
the output waveform will be set to be minimized. From
this condition, an attempt will be made to obtain the
design equations which enable us to suppress the harmonic
distortion to the desired low level.
This approach is generally applicable and will be applied
to the four typical FM discriminators(slope discriminator,
Travis discriminator, Foster-Seeley discriminator, and line
Received January 7, 1969

THEORY OF FM DISCRIMINATOR
We consider the output signal from the FM discriminator wxlxose anplitude and phase characteristics vs. frequency are non-linenar as shown in Fig. 1, where the operating point of the discriminator is at wco=w. The ratio of
the output, eco(w), to the input signal, e,(@), i. e. the
transfer functioni of the discriminator, h((w), can be given by
h (a))

h ((o) ej8 (0))

(1)

Since the transfer function is analytic and non-linear,

Ih(w) and 0(w) can be expanded in the neighborhood
of the angular center frequency, wu, by Taylor's formula

as follows:

"t

o(, or 0

-w~
Q
o.

Fig. 1. A characteristic curve of the discriminator whose

amplitude and phase characteristics vs. frequency
are non-linear.

ikh(o)) I =a+ao(o) -,w ) -a2(w -&))2

+af3(Ww(D
))

and

(
+..........

(2)

0(w) -iSo+ 1l (w-0)) + 2 (Co- ) 2

+I3(W-w0)3.

110

(3)(3)

amplitude of harmonic is a2 (unbalanced type,e.g., slope

discriminator), or a3 (balanced type, e.g., Travis, FosterSeeley, line discriminators) as it will be ?hown in the
application section, it would be most effective for improving the discriminator linearity to. set a2-0 or a3=0,
(see Appendix II). From this condition, and considering
that a, would be, in practice, shown in terms of discriminator circuit elements (e.g., L, C, CO, Qe), we can expect
the design equation for the desired low distortion discriminator.
Since the terms after the sixth in (5) are negligible in
comparison with the fundamental, the percentage of the
total harmonic distortion, D, can be given approximately by

where

ao- th(o)!, al-Ih(c)', a2

a3

2!

1h(wci)it

..

3!
p-0(@)7 p1-at((DC)
7
O(w0), iJ=O'GoWC), P2 2! P2

~0

OW)
i=( 2)''

If an FM signilal, ec=Ecej(&ct+mfsinpt0 is applied to the

discriminator, then, under the quasi-steady-state(3x, with
the use of (2) and (3), the output waveform, eo(w), can
be written as follows:
eo(o)-h(w)ec((w)
-ECa0 + azlOCOSpt + a24w2CoS2pt + a3Jw3cos3pt +
AI ldacosPt + P2Jw2cos2pt
x ejC'ct + MnfsinPt + PO +
4
+ 3Ljo3CoS3pt + ...)..

164(a2+a4w) 442(4a35a54w2)2
2 (8

where

+AJw04 (4a42+a52MJc2) x 100%

J -=maximum deviation of instantaneous angular

frequency from average

p-angular modulating frequency

co,angular frequency of carrier

aL +6a34v+ SaAoA)

ANALYSES OF FM DISCRIMINATORS
wave

In this section, the application examples of the theory to

the analyses of the several typical FM discriminators will
be shown:

mf =modulation index

Wc-vv,* Acospt
(4) shows that the non-linear phase characteristic of the
discriminator has no effects on the AM component of the
output signal, but has effects on the FM component of it.
Hence, only the AM component of (4), eA, is
necessary for the expression of the output waveform.
That is
e.4- E {ao + a,zlcvcospt + a2zlc2cos2Pt + a3LJl3cos3pt
+ a4Acv4cos4pt + a5zlcv5cos5pt +......I

(1) Slope Discriminator

Fig. 2 is a slope discriminator where C is the total
effective capacitance. The transfer function(4) of the slope
discriminator can be given by

h( v)

(5)

or

Kr,s I1+j26Q,
rei
-

( etQ2
Kres- + (23Qe)
2
1~

where

ei-E.

(ao+ a2c2Ot 38

Kres --gmc.oLQe

+ 1O AsJO) cospt+ (a2Jw2+ a44cv4) cos2pt,

j-4 (a3zicv'
+

17

4-

Ctals") cos3pt-i

(6)

g =transconductance of tube

a4Av4cos4pt

a5sJW5cos5pt+.

co1
(5)'

It is clear in (5) that the less a2/a1, a3/ca1,. are,

the less the distortion is. Since the substantially dominant
...

111

Qe LC
Qe f0/half power bandwidth

(7)

4W=w - W0

Since the third term of (8), a2, predominantly influences

the non-linearity of discriminating characteristics, it would
be required for the better linearity to make a2-0. From
this condition, the following relation is obtained:

2 Q,

4W _
IdW
- -1T

Substituting (9) into (8),

-0.

The output signal of the discriminator for the input

signal, e, - Evej (wc+mfsinPt) can be expressed as in the
form of (5)' by
(

(10) shows that the series

Ioa2a02 + 3a44w')
(8)

2Qe-

7=rectification efficiency of diode

too

(K<<

not converge

does

rapidly

Therefore, the slope discriminator

1.

Is

2j 1/2

2Qe

0o

-< O. 3

(11)

By the use of trigonometric formulas, (10)

written as

(2QeWI ) ( 2Qc)

al--[i (2Q. JW )2

cos4pt-

discriminate an FM signal with wide frequency

deviation without considerable amount of harmonic distortion.
If we consider the case that the ratio of the coefficient
of cos4pt to that of cospt is less than 1/100 to neglect the
terms after the fifth harmonic, the correspoiiding value of

where

cannot

....3
+ I(a24W2+a4a4co)cos2pt .

(2Qe -

cospt

(1()

+ (asA + 3 a34W3 +- 16 a5SW) cospt

[1+

)cos3Pt- 0. 141. (2Qe

Q

209(2 Qe

unless 2 Q,

=7)KresEc {

we have

eo' -EcKres 0.815-0.384 (2 Qe

Fig. 2. A circuit diagram of slope discriminator whose C

is the total effective capacitance.

eo'=t 7 Ieo (,)

(9)

3/2

Cot-EcKres

1-2 (2 Qe 4W )2j ( 2Qe ) 2

21/

1- 2 [i (2Qc 4W)

0.0815-0.0528

(2 Qe

) + 0. 157

- 0. 384 (2 Q,

(2

can

be

re-

Q-)

cospt

2 (2Qe4j

2F1-(2Qe
a3

-7(2Q0e)

-0.0705t2Qc-) cos2pt-0. 05225(2 Qe ,

-T3J (2 Qe JW ) ( 2Qe ) 3
W)17/2

(0.0176 (2Q

-27

)3 4W
(2
2

W(2)I

Ato

cos3pt

cos4pt.

When the value of 2Qe

A

woo

112

'do)

(12)

is

=0. 3

(13)

the percentage of total harmonic distortion is 1. 267%.

By tising (13) and (9), we get the relations among fo,
fc, and the desired linear bandwidth, By,,, as follows:

fe =f0 1 . 178 Bm

where
Kresi =gmlW1MQj

g,-- transconductance of tube

(14)

AI-mutual inductance

where

,vLs, C,

1 -,'Yc

Bm --2af

(0
-01
81 (
01

(2) Travis Discriminator

__(0(0

Q1 -f/half power bandwidth

Fig. 3 is a circuit diagram of Travis FM discriminator

which is used for the demodulation of wide band FM
signal such as in the telemetering system. The upper part
of Fig. 3(a) is shown in Fig. 3(c), where the transfer
function of the circuit(5', hl(o), can be given by

Similarly, the transfer function of the lower part of

Fig. 3(a), h2(o), iS
K

4Vi
+Re2

1
)_2Q2

I+(282QD2 2

jtar22

(16)

where
Kres2 - g,52AfQ2
1

(02

L32 C2

(0 2

82

(02 )

0)2

Q2 ---f2/half power bandwidth

{C~ ~ ~ ~~

Using (15) and (16), the output signal of the discriiiinator, eo, iS
F

-,

eo-27j(,ejj

)2Itc { C

(b)
ci

e,+

Ce2

(C)

Considering Nv(02-cswe can put

and Q1-Q2 (2e, then, (17) becomes

I~E7r~1~i1
whe(21Q)
-"-i1;)

eo --Ec Kr es 1
ei

Kres

Vres

I +J 26j12

7 2_ 3 (17)

at-aiplitude of input FM signal

--rectification efficiency of diodes

Fig. 3.(a) A circuit diagram of Travis discriminator.

(b) Frequency characteristic curve of Travis
discriminator.
(c) The equivalent circuit diagram of the upper
part of (a).

.LL
h1Go)

Kres2

('Q )2

where

e,,,
K

--

where
ee-jtan

bQ1

(15)

Kres
113

gmc0)VAIQe

Kresj-~KrCs2 Kres,

1
1(8)
A/1+(282Qe)
V,I (252Qe)2 J

Using Taylor's expansion formula, (18) can be expressed

in the series from of (5)' as follows:

eo= EcYKres { (aiw +

a,4w

1.706
D=62
3.35
(2 Qe c )
.

+10- a5sdo) cospt

It follows from (22) that the distortion is 2.91% for

+ I (aA3l+ 45 a54W5) cos3pt + -La,Jw5cos5pt+

(19)

2Qe
Q h,eof _1 and for the distortion less than 2.91%, the
~ should be
value of 2Q, 4dw

where
2 (2Q W ) ( 2Qe)
- 1 + (2 Q JW )21 3/2

a, -

a5=

(.<1

2Qe

(2Qe_))-3J
1+ 2

[8(2Qe JW

(2 QA)7/2(23

W)2j

fc_ z

2)

62D

\1/4

e2af ( . 706+3. 35D/

4_40O(2QejW )2+

(2 QW2)
)

1/4
~~
tmk 1.7063.35D
f2=fc+O.61248Bm(
62D

o
DJ W= C(01- (2 C)c

ff=fc0-.6124Bm( 1 *706 + 3.35D )

In order to improve the linearity of (19), a3/a, and

a5/a, should be made as small as possible. Since a3/aj>
a5/al, it would be effective for the good linearity of the
discriminator to set a3-0, from which the following relation is obtained:
-

(24)

If the linear portion of frequency characteristic curve,

B., and the distortion, D, of the discriminator are determined, by the use of (20) and (22), the upper and lower
resonance frequencies, f2, fi can be given by

2QC

(23)

From (22), we also get the relationship between the

effective Q and the distortion as follows:

4 [1 2(Qe 2'
)2} 11/2
co

4W

(22)

(20)

Substituting (20) into (19), (19)

can

1/4

(25)

where
Bm=2Df
(3) Foster-Seeley Dscriminator

Fig. 4 is a circuit diagram of Foster-Seeley discriminator, where e,, e, can be shown(6) by

be given by

eo--Ec2Kres t0.62 (2Qe~) -0.0335X

(2 Q

J-) 4 cospt

0.01675 (2 Q,

-00030 (2Q,e a )cos5pt ...}

.

) cos3pt

RFC

(21)

Fig. 4. A circuit diagram of Foster-Seeley discriminator.

Since the terms after the fifth harmonic are negligible,

the distortion of (21) can be given by

(1 +j23Qe) +J ki.

el or e2 -gine-wOLIQ,
I

114

/L2

(1+j26Q, 2k2Q.2LI,
) 2

(26)

the linearity of the discriminator is. Since a3/al>a5/aj,

it is suggested to set a4=0. By this condition, the following relationship between a and b is obtained:

where

gm=transconductance of tube
ei=input FM singal
00 =

1_

0-1L1C1

L2C2

a- V (b' V2 (b21 1

_c

Qe = loaded Q of transformer primary or secondary

3=

L2

kQ

= a,

eo07(Ie21-jell)

+)22gmECwOOL4Qe -+ (XV(1-Fb2-

1+( )22(27

)+4x

where
= rectification efficiency of diodes

EC=amplitude of input signal

(27) can be expanded into a series form of (5)' by the
use of Taylor's expansion. Thus,

BgmEco)LlQe4 (alI

a34w3 + 10 a5js5) cospt

116 a5dJW5cosspt+..........

a,(X), a3-a3 ( 2Q- )

(30)

2(b2-1)

b2 L

eo= 2Ecgmw)oL1Qe { [a, (2 Q, t ) +i

x cospt + 16 a5

(28)

(2 Qe

a (2 Qe,w )

) cos3pt

a5 2(Qe ( )5cos5Pt - ..........}

(31)

Considering the terms after the fifth harmonic negligible,

the total distortion of (31), D, is

where
et

When the linearity is the main requirement, it is usual

to choose b=2, because in double tuned circuit, the uniformn
reponse is obtained over most of the pass band for b=2.
(7),(8) Putting b=2 into (30), we get the ratio of the
inductance of the secondary coil to that of the primary,
L2/L1L1.04. When a good compromise between sensitivity and linearity is required, it is common practice to
set b-i.5(8), from which and using (30), we get L21L,
=1.878. All these relations give a good agreement with
those conventional data'8).
From the condition of a3=0, (28) can be given by

a5sh5) cos3Pt

16

b2+ _I

4 F

L2
L1

kQe= b, the output

voltage of the discriminator, e0, can be expressed as follows:

+ 1 (a34W3 +

we have

4L1L2

eo=

It is shown that (29) holds only when b is greater than

unity. When b is less than unity. there is no real a which will
b
satisfy a3=0. Using (29) and the relation, a_- 2

coo

Denoting 23Qe= x

(29)

,
D-

2a

--(i+b2) V1a2
b2)]
a3- a[(1 -b2)2+2(1+a2)2(1) 1 b2)3
(+a25/2
aa[5(3-4a2) (1 +b2)4 + 18(1 -b2) (1 +a2)2(1 + b2) 2
b2) 5
a5-

~~~~20(l1a2) 9/2(1+

-20(1 + a2)4(1+ b2)2 + 60(1 + a2)4(1- b2)2]

(28) shows that the less a3/ai, a5/a1, are, the better
115

5.069 a5
(
2Q
+j)
+ lOa5
16a,

(32)

By inspection of (31), it is unlerstood that 2Qe (Oc.,_1

for" the low distortion. However, it is customary to let

2Qe

-1, where Qe is determined(8) as below:

Qe

fc

24f

and (32) reduces to

D-

-")
-(2n+1) 8;
8 (n=0,1,2,

5.0991a5I

(34)

16a1+10a5

(4) Line Discriminator

Fig. 5 is a circuit diagram of transmission line discriminator9), (10) where Zsh and ZOP are the impedances of
the short-circuited and the open-circuited transmission lines
respectively. The output voltage, eo, of the discriminator
resulting from the input FM singal having constant amplitude can be expressed as follows:

Referring to (5)', (35) may be written in the series

form as below, by neglecting the terms after the fifth
harmonic since the series converges rapidly:
eo

(aiA + -3 a3zi) cospt + --a3W3cospt } (36)

-r,Ec {

where

VC1) =4r2(
(J+r2)3/2 a3

r2(2n+1)

2(1+2)"2fc

8r2(2r4- 82+ 5) ( VLCI)3

3(1+r2)7/2
r2(2r4 - r2+5) (2n +1)3

192(1 + r2)7/2fc3

Fig. 5. A circuit diagram of transmission line discriminator.

eo=77(jell e2D)

(36) shows that a3 should be set to be zero for the

distortionless output signal. From this condition, the value
of r is obtained as r=0. 803 or 1.796. It is recommended
to take r-0.803 instead of r=1.796 from the viewpoint
of the input impedance of the discriminator."'()
Substituting r=0.803 into (36), we obtain the distortionless output signal indicated by

eo-0.958(2n+ 1)iEc7-cospt

(37)

-3REC j

1+ ,cot2O 1
r

1tan2O

(35)

where

1-rectification efficiency of diodes

Ec=amplitude of

the input FM

signal

r=coupling resistor constant

0 =(w

.CI-f 22r2

o-wangular frequency of the input signal

-=angular center frequency of the input signal

a-wavelength of the input signal

that there is no distortion in theunder the 100% frequency deviathe frequency characteristic curve
a straight line.(')
However, from the vie.w point of the input impedance
of the line discriminator, it is recommended that the coupling resistor constant, r, should be unity, because it
makes the input impedance to be the characteristic impedance of the transmision line, Z0, which is independent of
frequency.(10) When r=1, (36) gives, by neglecting the
terms after the second,

It is shown in (37)
output waveform even
tion. This means that
of the discriminator is

eo-Em2

AC= wavelength of the center frequency of the input

signal
L -inductance per unit length of the transmission line

C-capacitance per unit length of the transmission line

I=length of the transmission line

[.l1 1-%(2n+1)-0.0858( f) (2n+1)3]cosPt

-0.0286 (AJ)3(2n+13cos3pt}

(38)

to set n=0 for the

waveform. When n=o,

(38) indicates that it is required

minimum distortion in the

the

116

percentage

output

of the distortion is only 2.79% for

=---.

=10. 7X 106+1. 178 x 2 X 75x 103=10. 876MHZ.

CONCLUSION

and the loaded Q is calculated by (13)

The theory proposed here is of general applicability and

applied only to the four typical FM discriminators
(slope discriminator, Travis discriminator, Foster-Seeley
discriminator, and line discriminator). The results obtained
from the analyses of those discriminators are the design
equations which will allow a discriminator a desired low
distortion performance and the followings:
(1) There are both even and odd harmonics in the
output signal of unbalanced type discriminator (e.g., slope
discriminator), while there are only odd harmonics in the
balanced type (e.g., Travis, Foster-Seeley, and line discriminator).
(2) In designing the tuned type discriminators, the following conditions are required for the low distortion:

was

(a) Slope discriminator;

2Qe fc <<

QeO. 3 2f2,df . 3 10876

0.15 = 21.753
Assuming that the stray capacitance including the output
capacitance of tube is 40 pF, the total shunt resistive load
on the tuned circuit at the resonant frequency can be given
by

R,h

Q
27rfoC

cases,

7.961 X10'

R~h 6.28 X 10. 876 x1063X 21.752- 5 36pH

21rfoQe
The equivalent parallel resistance due to the effective
L

series resistance of the inductor, Rp is

1,

the less the value of 2Qef.

=796K

-7961KQ

and the inductance of the tuned circuit is given by

Rp - Q0woLL- 10 x 27r x 10. 876 x06 x 5. 36 x10-6

(b) Travis and Foster-Seeley discriminators; 2Qe ff <1

In both

21.752
6.28 X 10. 867 X106 X 40x

is, the less

the distortion is, and the relationship between the effective

Q of the tuned circuit of FM discriminator and the frequency deviation, Jf, is of inverse proportionality.
(3) In designing the line discriminator, it is required
that n should be set to be zero for the minimum distortion,
r should be 0.803 for the best linearity, and r should be
unity for the constant input impedance, Z0.

=36. 61KQ

Then, the parallel resistance R,

RshRp
R_ Rp-Rsh

(Sol.)
From (14), the resonance frequency of the tuned circuit
of slope discriminator is

ffc+f. 178Bm

7.961 x 103 x 36.61 X

(b) Determine the effective Q and the resonance frequencies, fl, f2 of Travis discriminator which satisfies the
following specifications:
Main carrier frequency:
f, 30 MHz
Bandwidth of FM receiver: Bm =300 KH,
Distortion of discriminator: D -1%

(Sol.)
Since the linear portion of the frequency characteristic
curve of the discriminator must be equal to the bandwidth

of FM receiver, the linear portion of the characteristic

curve should be set 'f 150kHR.The effective Q is
obtained by (24)
Qe

23f ( 1. 706+3. 35D )

30 X106
62X 0. 01
2x150x103 \ 1.7063-8.35x0.01 I

=100 X 0. 7727-77.27
117

103-10 17KQ

36.61x10'-7.961 X 10

-OKQ

APPENDIX I
In this appendix I section, the examples of the application of the derived design equations of FM discriminators
will be shown:
(a) Design a slope discriminator with the total distortion
1. 267%. The center frequency and the maximum frequency
deviation of the input signal are 10.7 MHz and + 75 kH,
respectively. Assume that the Q of coil is 100 and the
loading effect of diode is negligible.

can be obtained by

1/4

and we can obtain fi, f2 by (25)

0.0286( 10)

fi=fc-o.6124B ( 1.706+3.35D
=30X 106-0. 6124 X 2 X 150 X 1(1

1. 11 xiO1 -0858
100 0058%
=0. 0258%

1/4

670+.3XO.01) 1/4

=29.76225 MHz

APPENDIX II

and
fi-fc+0.6124Bm( 1i.706+3.35D ) 1/4
=30X106+ 6i24x2Xi X103 (1.706+

35x0.01) 1/4

30.23775 MH,
(c) A Foster-Seeley discriminator having 1% distortion
is required for use with a 10.7 MH, FM I-F channel.
The maximum frequency deviation of the carier is + 75
kH,. Determine Q, and L2/L, of the discriminator.

It seems to be better for the good linearity of the FM

discriminator to set the amplitude of the second harmonic,
1 -(a2JW2+a4JW4), or the amplitude of the third harmonic,
1

(a3z13+ 5 a54W5), to be zero. If we do so, the

following equations will be obtained:
=0
a2 + a4,4z2

or

(Sol.)
If we take b= .5, then from (30), we get

L2

a3+ 4-5a5W2-0

= 1. 878

From (1) or (2),

and from (32), we can express Qe as follows:

Q = ife ( 165aD

A-j0
=

) 1/4

On the other hand, we obtain a-1. 0274 by putting

b=1.5 into (29), and then we have a,=0.44,
a5=-0.02071 with the substitution of b=1. 5 and
a= 1.0274 into a, and a5. Then by substituting all known
constants into the above equation, we obtain Q. as

1/4

-73.7775

(d) Find the distortion of line discriminator when the

center frequency and the' maximum frequency deviation of
the input signal are 100 MHR and + 10 MH, respectively.
Assume that n=0, r-1.

(Sol.)
From (38), we get the distortion, D, as

1.

0.0286(

117-(2n +1)

f' )(2n+1)3

0,0858

(fc

(2n +1

(2)

aw can be shown by
a4

[for (1)]

(3)

or

4dw=j 4a3 [for

(2)]

(4)

(3) and (4) show that (1) holds only for

and (2) holds only for cw=j 4a3

x 106

10.7
Q`-2X75X10'

16X0.44X0.01
x< (
x5.099X I-0.02071-10X-0.0207X 0.i

(1)

Jc=jJa2

However, the ang-

ular frequency deviation expressed in complex number has

no physical meaning since it is physically unrealizable.
Hence, we cannot use a2 +a4Aw2=0 or a3+ -4-4
instead of a2=0 or a3=0.

a54w2 =0

REFERENCES
(1) L.B. Arguimbau, "Discriminator Linearity," Electronics, vol. 18, pp. 142-144, March 1945.
(2) A.R. Vallarino and M.S. Buyer, "Harmonic Distortion
in Frequency-Modulation Off-Resonance Discriminator",
Elec. Communication, vol. 26, pp. 167-172, June
1949.

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(3) F.E. Terman, Electronic and Radio Engineering, 4 th

ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1958, pp. 596-60.
(4) Samuel Seely, Electron-Tube Circuits, 2nd ed. New
York: McGraw-Hill, pp. 339-342.
(5) Seely, op. cit., pp. 342-344.
(6) John. D. Ryder, Electronic Fundamentals, and
Applications, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1954,
pp. 538-544.
(7) C.L. Alley and K.W. Atwood, Electronic Engineering,
New York, Wiley, 1962, p. 333.
F.
(8)
Langford-Smith, Radiotron Designer's Handbook,
4th ed., RCA, Harrison, N.J.; RCA, p. 1090.
(9) C.W. Lee and W.Y. Seo, "Super Wide-Band FM Line

Discriminator", proc. IEEE(Correspondence), vol. 51,

pp. 1975-1676, Nov. 1963.
(10) Choong Woong Lee, "in Analysis of a Super WideBand FM Line Discriminator," ibid, vol. 52, pp. 10341038, Sept. 1964.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author wishes to express his sincere thanks to Prof.
Keh Kun Choi at Dept. of Electronic Engineering, College
of Eng. Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea for
his helpful discussions and advice in preparing the paper.

BIOGRAPHY

CHOONG WOONG LEE (M'63) was born in Phungan-

pukdo Province, Korea on May 3, 1935.

He received the B.E. and M.E. degrees in electronic

engineering in 1958 and 1960 respectively from Seoul
National University, Korea. During 1963 he attended
Sydney University, Australia, as a Fellow on the Co-

lombo Scholarship Plan.

From 1958 to 1961 he worked at the Scientific Research Institute, Ministry of National Defense, Korea,
and from then until March, 1964, he was a research
member of the Electronics Division of the Army Research and Testing Laboratory, which originated from
the Institute. After that he joined the staff of the
College of Engineering, Seoul National University,
where he presently is the Head of Electronics Course
at the Department of Industrial Education..
His special interests include FM communication
systems, electronic circuit designs, and microwave
techniques.
Mr. Lee is a member of the Korea Institute of Electronics Engineers.

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