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LTE/ENG/RF/ATT01
01.02 / EN
Standard
04/AUGUST/2010
PUBLICATION HISTORY
14/MAY/2009
Issue 01.01 / EN, First release
A.ROULLIN
04/AUGUST/2010
Issue 01.02 / EN, Modification
A.ROULLIN
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CONTENTS
1.
2.
INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................5
1.1.
1.2.
ASSOCIATED DOCUMENTS..................................................................................................5
1.3.
GENERALITY: ....................................................................................................................5
1.4.
PREAMBLE ........................................................................................................................6
JAMMERS DESCRIPTION............................................................................................................7
2.1.
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.2.
2.3.
2.4.
2.4.1
2.4.2
2.4.3
2.5.
2.6.
2.7.
2.8.
2.8.1
Analog measurement with spectrum analyzer..............................................................15
2.8.2
Analog receiver .............................................................................................................17
Multi-technologies Receivers .......................................................................................................17
2.8.3
Antennas used ..............................................................................................................18
2.8.4
Others equipments needed ..........................................................................................18
2.9.
RADIO MONITORING MEANS FOR NOISE LEVEL CONTROL. ...................................................19
2.10.
3.
PRE-REQUISITES .............................................................................................................20
3.2.
3.3.
3.3.1
3.3.2
3.3.3
3.3.4
4.
5.
6.
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DELIVERABLES..........................................................................................................................28
8.
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1.
INTRODUCTION
Jammed areas could present various kinds of trouble on new network. Interferences can limit
the coverage and create difficulties to communicate clearly. This document is a help for
Alcatel-Lucent Teams working on various projects such as Trial, early deployment or mass
market deployment. It presents the jammer tracking and detection.
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
ASSOCIATED DOCUMENTS
R1:
R2:
GENERALITY:
To deploy wireless network, we need to consider the global requirement for the best network
efficiency. Wireless network could be divided in two parts :
-
The radio network. It must ensure, by well know and innovative concepts and
features, enhanced transfer of information in accordance with certain
parameters of throughput and quality.
Radio layer is characterised by the efficiency of its coverage. This one must be optimized to
offer a minimum of power to guaranty the main parameters of synchronization and attach on
network, the UE reception, and the mobility between sites without outage.
To guaranty that, we need to verify the radio link permanence and eliminate any source of
interferences that can create service degradation.
To realize that we need to eliminate hole of coverage and large coverage overlap by an
efficient Radio Design and the RF optimization (essentially tilt adjustment). In second hand
interferences study must be realized to eliminate or reduce greatly main risk of defects and
limitation inside this coverage. Several kinds and sources of interferences must be controlled
during the design and installation of new network.
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1.4.
PREAMBLE
The jamming detection or frequency clearance analysis is a part of deployment process. Due
to the difficulty to separate jammers and regular network transmission this activity must be
conduct early during the Design phase and always before any deployment and on air
transmission. Sometime, it conducts to require the Governmental Regulator Office to modify
or clear the allocated frequency band. Sometimes, due to necessary coexistence, it conducts
to introduce some complementary protections such as filters on our equipments.
For the case of site sharing or very dense network (Dense urban area or area with high
concentration of subscribers as hot spots), the interferences must be analyzed early as
possible to eliminate the risks due to these situations.
Note: Be careful, often, if interferences are quickly known, it is possible to find solution
through Design or installation phase. After that only some work around could be finding
with less efficiency.
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2.
JAMMERS DESCRIPTION
In first approach the way is to have an idea of what could be the possible Jammer. When this
description is put on the paper it is easier to organize the research on field.
2.1.
POSSIBLE JAMMERS
Depending on frequency range used different kinds of jammers could be found. Through our
worldwide intervention we can divide the jammers in three categories.
1. Networks and others transmissions inside the allocated frequency range,
2. Jamming due to adjacent transmissions,
3. Spurious, intermodulation and others miscellaneous jammers.
Some military transmission could be integrated in this type of jammers. Often after
regulator request they move on others frequencies or the allocated band is moved.
Point to point transmissions: They could be old Transmission link used in lower
frequency and neglected today or specific actual transmission link used for
backbone of others networks. Normally, in this case the jammed area must be
narrow and selective. However if our equipment is directly inside the point to point
line, the interferences level could be high.
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2.2.
JAMMERS CHARACTERISTICS
Jammers are characterized by:
The frequency: It could be in our allocated frequency range or in direct adjacent channels.
The width of the jammer: Some of them are narrow, some others are wide some others
have specific signature. Sometime due to the width of signal it could be comparable to noise.
The power level: Power level of jammers could be more or less important. It traduces
distance and type of the jammer. On large area, the level variation could be used to detect
specific jammer type.
Permanence of the signal: The signal presence is an important parameter. Two kinds of
signals could be found. The permanent signal traduces broadcasted information or
transmission link (Radio & TV broadcast, GSM BCCH, UMTS CPICH, others semaphore
beacons). Intermittent transmission could be representative of PMR or military signal,
traffic channels or others specifics transmission.
Bursted signals are in the cross of the two others. They are more difficult to display but they
have serious effect on our communication.
Channel occupancy must be controlled to have good view of possible interferences issues.
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2.3.
JAMMERS ANALYSIS
To detect jammers or interferences the only way is to perform radiomonitoring on high points
(the more free space as possible). We can use sites or futures sites, hills that overhang the
deployment area or others founded high points.
On network deployment, first detection approach must be omnidirectional. If interferences
are found to affine the study directive antenna should be used to investigate.
If location is necessary to help the customer specific process and tools must be used.
(Please refer to this specific activity).
Be careful, detection is on our responsibility, localization could be offered as additional
services for customer or regulator. Frequency clearance and frequency change is on
regulator responsibility after customer requirement.
Special case: For the trials, often sites are imposed and due to the time schedule it could be
more interesting to realize this activity through the real final antenna lines. However this
activity must be realized before transmission.
2.4.
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Intermodulation products
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2.5.
2.6.
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2.7.
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2.8.
In several country, like USA, it exist a large offer of renting equipments if necessary.
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The purely analog receiver using classical frequency generation. Less efficient
for the speed due to fine frequency positioning they have often excellent radio
characteristics. (Example Chase GPR series or Rohde & Schwarz ESVD).
Generally, they use Pilot PC to configure, manage and store the measurements. Only
one set of measurement is necessary to control interferences. This set could be more
or less long. For example Jammers detection on deployment area necessitates
several measured site with duration of 24 h by site. Noise level control necessitate
only fifteen minutes of measurement.
MULTI-TECHNOLOGIES RECEIVERS
In addition of analog tracking it is possible to investigate more deeply the problem.
For this kind of measures the best way is to use a digital
receiver able to work in standalone without any PC.
In this case The Anritsu MT822xA are good products,
especially when interferences are the problem. In fact they
integrate spectrum analyzer (equivalent to Anritsu
MS2721B) and a multi-techno receiver for complementary
measurements. Specific interferences analysis mode would be used including
waterfall spectrogram to enhance the field measurements.
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2.9.
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3.
3.1.
PRE-REQUISITES
To launch interferences measurement campaign, some pre-requisite are necessary.
These information are the following:
3.2.
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3.3.
Install the antenna (in case of antennas available on site, use them)
Post processing: Replay the result to found the jammer and organize
them to create the report.
However, if the global process is simple measurement are not easy due to
Radio environment, possible perturbations and quality & efficiency control.
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GRFM
22
dB
CHASE
GRFM
22
dB
Antennas used
CHASE
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ACPR measurement could be analog to the previous one but all the parameters must
be set. This kind of measurement could be used when the radio parameter of system
are not really known.
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Results with Spectrum Analyzer : Occupancy band continuous view and averaged view
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4.
MEASUREMENT QUALITY
This kind of field activity could be constraining for the future deployment. As others
pre-qualification, it must be controlled to eliminate any doubt due to the
measurements, post-processing or final interpretation.
For the results quality and warranty the equipments need to have a calibration report
under validity (minus one year old). During long measurement campaign all main
equipments must be verified weekly to eliminate the risk to redo the whole campaign
due to broken equipments (antennas, cables, receiver or spectrum analyzer).
During measurement, several kinds of error risks are possible. That could be trouble
due to out of band saturation, bad antenna positioning or surrounding clearance,
problem generated by the measurement system itself... For each of these troubles,
field operator should have to verify anything before to record the analysis.
Due to very fast radio environment change, the results period of validity for jamming
test cant exceed one year. In fact, in gives guaranty that the frequency clearance was
effective (or not) before network deployment and use.
5.
POST PROCESSING
The field phase measurements could be conduct to search and identify the possible
interferences. If necessary the following activities could be added: detection of the
estimated location and verification of some assumptions to solution or limit the
problem.
After the field phase, the way is to post-process the results to shape the information.
To realize this, if Anritsu recommended tools are used, the way is to use master
software tool (MST).
6.
RESULTS ANALYSIS
Global analysis is essentially performed to control the results views and to associate
each pertinent information in accordance with the localization and others information.
If necessary it could introduce to search some solutions for the customer.
Without the fact to store all the collected data (more efficient for analysis but sometime
difficult in the field), analysis is limited.
If jammers appear it should be interesting to locate and quantify them and to give the
information to the customer. The post processing phase should be to associate
results, pictures and complementary information.
(*) For remembering, customer is the only parties who have the authority to ask
government regulator to clean the frequency range or to ask for new frequency band.
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7.
DELIVERABLES
Inside the synthesis report, all information, pictures and measurement captures should
be organized to explain the issue and if necessary to describe possible available
solution (leaned on complementary realized measurements).
Deliverable must contain:
-
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8.
ACRONYMS GLOSSARY
ACLR
ACPR
AISG
BCCH
CPICH
dB
F. Start
F. Stop
F/B ratio
Front to Back ratio ratio between energy transmit front an antenna and
behind it.
FDD
GSM
Global System for Mobile communication also called 2G for 2nd generation
KPI
MHz
MegaHertz .
MST
PC
Personal Computer.
PMR
RBW
RET
RF
Radio Frequency
RRH
RSSI
Rx
Receiver
SMS
TDD
TMA
Tx
Transmitter
UMTS
VBW
VSWR
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Z END OF DOCUMENT Y
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