Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Gaussian Beams:
Gaussian beams propagating in the z-direction may be represented mathematically as:
2
U = U0 ei(kzt)
eikr /2q
q
where
q = z zwaist izR
(1)
Here U is the electric field amplitude of the wave, q is known as the complex radius, zwaist is a real
constant indicating the position of the beam waist and zR known as the Rayleigh range.
Substituting the expression for q into the equation for U , and assuming that the waist is at the origin
(zwaist = 0), it is straightforward to show that:
U =
U0 i
zR
w0
w(z)
ei(kzt)
ei(z)
2
2
er /w(z)
2
eikr /2R(z)
where the 1/e2 radius in the intensity distribution or spot size w(z) obeys:
s
w02
z2
with
zR =
w(z) = w0
1+ 2
zR
(2)
zR2
z
(3)
and the phase factor (often referred to as Guoys phase) takes the form:
(z) = tan1 (z/zR )
(4)
The Gaussian beam is therefore narrowest at z = 0 (or z = zwaist ) where it is said to have a waistof
w0 , as illustrated in Fig. 1. Away from the waist the beam spreads with a hyperbolic outline, the
asymptotes of which define the far field beam divergence such that the half-angle at the 1/e2 radius in
the intensity distribution is given by:
w(z)
=
z
z
w0
= lim
(5)
At the position of the beam waist the wavefront is planar corresponding to an infinite radius of curvature.
Away from the waist, where the beam diverges (or converges) the wavefronts are of course curved.
The Rayleigh range zR relates to the distance over which a Gaussian beam can be collimated before
it spreads significantly due to diffraction. In particular, the Rayleigh
range is the distance which the
beam travels from the waist before the beam diameter increases by 2 or before the beam area doubles
in size. The Rayleigh range marks the approximate dividing line between the near-field or Fresnel
1
w(z)
w0
1/2
R(z)
w0
waist
-3
-2
-1
2 /w 2
x
e2y
2 /w 2
y
(6)
where wx and wy are the 1/e2 radii of the beam in the x and y directions respectively. I0 is the peak
intensity.
The total power in the beam is:
Z
Z
2
2
2x2 /wx2
(7)
e2y /wy dy = I0 wx wy
PT OT = I0
e
dx
2
Consider the knife edge being translated in the x-direction as shown in Fig 2.
The transmitted power is then:
y
x
2x2 /wx2
P (X) = PT OT I0
e
dx
e2y /wy dy
r
Z X
2
2
= PT OT
I0 wy
e2x /wx dx
2
r
Z 0
Z X
2x2 /wx2
2x2 /wx2
= PT OT
I0 wy
e
dx
e
dx +
2
0
r
r
Z X
2x2 /wx2
e
dx
I0 wy
wx +
= PT OT
2
8
0
r
Z X
PT OT
2
2
I0 wy
e2x /wx dx
=
2
2
0
(8)
2 wx
P (X) =
I0 wy
eu du
2
2
2
0
Z 2X
wx
2
PT OT
2
I0 wy wx
eu du
(9)
=
2
4
0
Using the standard definition of the Error Function listed in the Appendix and the expression in Eq. 9
for the total power in the beam we arrive at our final result:
"
!#
2X
PT OT
P (X) =
1 erf
(10)
2
wx
Fitting: To fit the data in Origin, use a fitting function of the form:
"
!#
2(X P2)
P1
1 erf
Pmeasured =
2
P3
(11)
where P1 corresponds to the power, P3 corresponds to the 1/e2 radius of the Gaussian beam and the
-(+) is chosen when the knife is translated in the positive (negative) direction.
3
PT OT
2X10
0.1PT OT =
1 erf
(12)
2
wx
Rearranging gives
erf
2X10
wx
= 0.8
(13)
Using Eq. 31, this can be related to the Gaussian probability so that
2X10
t10
=
P (t10 ) = 0.9
where
wx
2
(14)
(15)
X10 = 0.64wx
(16)
(17)
Thus there is a calibration from which the 1/e2 radius may be determined by making two measurements only. A similar treatment could be applied to X80 and X20 etc. However the 90%-10% method
is favored as it uses points at the extremes of the region of maximum change in the Error Function (see
Fig. 4).
M2 > 1
The definition of M2 : Consider a Gaussian beam propagating from a source. In the far-field region
beyond the Rayleigh range, from Eq 5 and Fig. 2:
w(z)
=
z
z
w0
= lim
(18)
(19)
This is a lower fundamental limit which can only be approached by ideal Gaussian beams. For a real
beam
(20)
w0 = M 2
w02
=
M 2
(21)
Method for measuring M2 : The set up is as in Fig. 3. Using the 90% 10% method, the beam
width w(z) at at least 6 points across the range shown should be measured.
Fitting: According to Eq. 2 and applying an arbitrary offset to take account of the initial position of
the knife edge, the fitting equation to be used is:
(x P2)2
2
(22)
w(z) = P1 1 +
P3
where
P1 = w02
2
P3 = zR,real
and
(23)
Laser source
Output beam
Beam
narrowest at
focus
Figure 3: The set up for determining M 2 by measuring the beam width with distance from a lens
(24)
(25)
A perhaps more useful definition includes the width and non-zero mean of the distribution explicitly:
1
2
2
(t) = e(x) /2
2
(26)
F W HM = 2 2ln2 2.35
(27)
Unfortunately Gaussian beams are defined in yet another way, namely in terms of the 1/e2 radius or
spot size w:
2P 2r2 /w2
I(r) =
e
(28)
w2
where P is the total power in the beam. Comparison of Eqs. 27 and 29 shows that w = 2.
The Error Function is defined as follows:
Z x
2
2
erf(x) =
eu du
(29)
0
and has the properties that:
erf() = 1
and
erf(x) = erf(x)
(30)
(31)
0.6
1.0
0.8
0.5
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.3
0.0
-0.2
0.2
-0.4
-0.6
0.1
-0.8
-1.0
w
0.0
-3
-2
-1
-3
Position
-2
-1
Position
Figure 4: Plot of the Error Function and the corresponding normalized Gaussian distribution showing
both and the spot size w.