Dating Yasovarman o

f Kanauj

on the Evidence o
f Huichao

ShoshinKUWAYAMA
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:
2

DATINGYASOVARMANOFKANAUJONTHEEVIDENCEOFHUICHAO
Anu
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ra (Ugabha~gapura):
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st
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d
a
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s
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nl
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:
.
?
d
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*
1-Assignablet
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E
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r A
laror Brahminabad.

M
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r
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.S
e
eChapter3
.
On l
i
n
e 217 of themanuscriptHuichao says thathe has arrived at
Kucha during the f
i
r
s
t ten days ofthe 11thmonth i
n the 15th year of
theKaiyuanEra ( 1 5 11 ) oftheTangDynasty. Sincethe14th
day of the 11th month in that year i
s identical with the 31st of
.D. 727 , hisarrivalwasinbetweenthe18thandthe27thof
December , A
December , A
. D. 727. This datei
s basic for fixingother dates.
In Tokharistan he had snowfall which inspired him to write the
poem seen onl
i
n
e1
9
6
. Snowfall naturally means that he was there in

S
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.KUWAYAMA

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S
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6

DATINGYASOVARMANOFKANAUJONTHEEVIDENCEOFHUICHAO

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a
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wheret
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e
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.
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e
a
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su
st
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r
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e
tHuichao a
sf
o
l
l
o
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Turkishk
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rseason
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nt

S
h
.KUWAYAMA
there. This means thati
t was in winter that Huichao travelled through
Gandhara.ThekingatthetimemusthavebeenthesonofBarhaTegin.
, Huichao must have
Allowing for the date of his stay in Tokharistan
.7
2
5and
beeninGandhara sometime between thelateautumn ofA. D
.726, notlaterthan that. Since Huichao came
the early springofA. D
n the
to Gandhara from the east beyond the Indus , his pilgrimage i
subcontinentwas made before the dategiven above. This chronological
framework allows us to discuss who was the king of Central India at
Kanauj at thetime ofHuichao'sv
i
s
i
t and to narrow down the date of
t
h
i
s sovereign.

2
.A kingofCentral India: Yasovarman
Lines 1
0to 4
8ofHuichao's accounti
s his record onCentral India ,
anoriginal translation of which follows:
Varimasii
sreachedw
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i
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.
.
.
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a
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li
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i
e
si
nt
h
ec
a
s
eo
fNorthandC
e
n
t
r
a
lI
n
d
i
a where he
musthavea
c
t
u
a
l
l
yvisited , s
t
a
t
i
n
gt
h
a
tgoingnorthwardt
h
r
e
emonths
ors
ofromatownwheret
h
eWestI
n
d
i
a
nkingl
i
v
e
dhereachedaNorth
:
p
.
d
h
a
r
a(
L
i
n
e6
5
)anda
l
s
ot
h
a
thereacheda
I
n
d
i
a
ncountryc
a
l
l
e
dJ
a
l
ar
town o
fC
e
n
t
r
a
lI
n
d
i
a
'
s king , c
a
l
l
e
d Kanyakubja (
L
i
n
e2
1
).A
lso t
h
e
r
o
u
t
ehetookont

1
1

S
h
.KUWAYAMA
A
l
lt
h
e
s
ed
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
si
nt
h
ed
e
s
c
r
i
p
t
i
o
n
s between South and West
India , ont
h
eonehand , andNorthandC
e
n
t
r
a
lIndia , ont
h
eother , may
bet
a
k
e
na
sc
l
u
e
sshowingt
h
a
thed
i
dn
o
ta
c
t
u
a
l
l
yv
i
s
i
tSouthandWest
India , e
v
e
nthoughher
e
c
o
r
d
e
dapoemi
nt
h
es
e
c
t
i
o
no
fSouthIndia , on
l
i
n
e
s 57 58 wherehei
sq
u
i
t
emovedbycomings
of
a
rfromh
i
s home
l
a
n
d
.H
i
spoem , however , doesn
o
ti
n
c
l
u
d
eanywordst
os
p
e
c
i
f
yt
h
ef
a
c
t
t
h
a
thea
c
t
u
a
l
l
yreachedSouthI
n
d
i
a
.Idon
o
tt
h
i
n
ki
ti
sg
o
i
n
gt
o
of
a
r
t
osayt
h
a
tH
u
i
c
h
a
o
'
sd
e
s
c
r
i
p
t
i
o
naboutSouthandWestI
n
d
i
as
i
m
p
l
yi
s
h
e
a
r
s
a
y
. Withouts
e
e
i
n
gSouthandWestI
n
d
i
a he went from Kanya
kubjanorthwestwardt
oJa
l
a
r
p
d
h
a
r
a
.
I
f so , t
h
et
i
m
et
a
k
e
n from Kanyakubja through South and West
I
n
d
i
at
oJalarpdhara , .
ie. , e
i
g
h
t months , s
h
o
u
l
dbe o
m
i
t
t
e
dfromt
o
t
a
l
e
l
e
v
e
nmonths and af
o
r
t
n
i
g
h
t whichwas t
a
k
e
n from Kanyakubja t
o
Gandhara. Threemonthsanda f
o
r
t
n
i
g
h
ta
r
et
h
et
i
m
ewhichHuichao
s
p
e
n
tfromJ
a
l
a
I
:
Q
.
d
h
a
r
at
oUq
.
a
b
h
a
Q
<
)
a
p
u
r
avia Takkadesa , Xintuogula
and Kasmira. Although we a
r
el
e
f
t uninformed about how l
o
n
gi
t
a
c
t
u
a
l
l
ytookfromKanyakubjat
oJala I:Q.dhara , hewas i
n Kanyakubja
a
tl
e
a
s
tt
h
r
e
eandah
a
l
fmonthse
a
r
l
i
e
rthant
h
el
a
t
eautumnalmonths
i
nA
.D
.725. ven i
ft
h
ed
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
so
fs
t
a
yi
neachtowna
l
o
n
gt
h
er
o
u
t
e
a
r
et
a
k
e
ni
n
t
oaccount , H
u
i
c
h
a
o
'
ss
t
a
yi
nKanyakubjap
o
s
s
i
b
l
ywasn
o
t
i
nA
.D
.7
2
4b
u
ti
nt
h
ee
a
r
l
i
e
rh
a
l
fo
fA
.D
.7
2
5
.U
n
t
i
lt
h
ee
a
r
l
i
e
rh
a
l
fo
f
i
n
a
l
i
z
i
n
gh
i
sc
o
n
q
u
e
s
t
t
h
a
tyear , therefore , Yaovarman mayhavebeenf
t
owidenh
i
sp
o
l
i
t
i
c
a
lt
e
r
r
i
t
o
r
y
.
Accordingt
ot
h
eC
e
f
uyu ngui In dia n missions , seemingly
aj
o
i
n
tv
e
n
t
u
r
eo
fa
l
lF
i
v
eI
n
d
i
cRegions , a
r
r
i
v
e
da
tt
h
eTangc
a
p
i
t
a
li
n
t
h
e3
r
dmontho
fYear3i
nt
h
eTianshoue
r
a(
A
.D
.6
9
2
)
.TheTng shu
(Vo.
l2
2
1
a
)d
e
s
c
r
i
b
e
st
h
a
tt
h
e
s
em
i
s
s
i
o
n
s were r
e
c
e
i
v
e
di
nA
.D
.6
91
.
D
e
s
p
i
t
e no c
l
u
ea
st
o whethert
h
em
i
s
s
i
o
n
scame once ortwice , i
ti
s
b
e
l
i
e
v
a
b
l
et
h
a
tboths
o
u
r
c
e
sr
e
f
e
rt
ot
h
esamee
v
e
n
t
.Thenameso
ft
h
e
k
i
n
g
sr
e
s
p
o
n
s
i
b
l
ef
o
rt
h
em
i
s
s
i
o
n
si
neachs
o
u
r
c
ea
r
ecommone
x
c
e
p
t
f
o
rsomen
e
g
l
i
g
i
b
l
ed
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
si
nt
h
eC
h
i
n
e
s
ec
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
s
. The l
i
s
to
f
k
i
n
g
si
sasf
o
l
l
o
w
s
:
(
1
) Shiluoyiduo
t
h
ek
i
n
go
fW
e
s
tIndia, r
e
s
t
o
r
a
b
l
et
oS
i
l
i
i
d
i
t
y
aa
n
d
r
y
is
r
a
y
a
maybei
d
e
n
t
i
f
i
a
b
l
ew
i
t
he
i
t
h
e
rS
i
l
i
i
d
i
t
y
aI
V
o
fV
a
l
a
b
h
io
rYuvar ja S
Siliiditya, o
n
eo
fthf, v
i
c
e
r
o
y
a
l
t
yo
fV
i
n
a
y
a
d
i
t
y
ao
fN
o
.
2
.
(
2
) Zhelouqi-faluopo
( T ng shu) , t
h
ek
i
n
go
fS
o
u
t
hIndia, r
e
s
t
o
r

V
a
l
l
a
b
h
aa
n
dc
l
e
a
r
l
yi
d
e
n
t
i
f
i
a
b
l
ew
i
t
hV
i
n
a
y
i
i
d
i
t
y
a(681 696)
a
b
l
et
oC lukyao
ft
h
eC
h
a
l
u
k
y
a
so
fBdam i knowna
st
h
euirudas S
r
i
p
r
i
t
h
i
v
i
v
a
l
l
a
b
h
a
.T
h
e

1
2

DATINGYASOVARMANOFKANAUJONTHEEVIDENCEOFH UlCHAO
C
e
f
uyuanguil
a
c
k
sth
(
3
) Louqi-nuonuo

last

N
a
n
a

c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
.
shu) , t
h
ek
i
n
go
fN
o
r
t
hIndia, r
e
s
t
o
r
a
b
l
et
o
b
u
tu
n
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
i
a
b
l
e
.T
h
eCefuyuanguil
a
c
k
sth

( T ng

o
rLoke Nanna
f
i
r
s
tt
w
oc
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
s
.
L
o
k
e

( Cefu yuangu i) , t
h
ek
i
n
go
fE
a
s
tIndia, r
e
s
t
o
r
a
b
l
et
o
Maravarman, b
u
tu
n
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
i
a
b
l
e
.T
h
e Tng shu w
r
i
t
e
st
h
e
o
f'fa' .
t
h
i
r
dc
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
ra
s'zhi' instead
(
5
) Dipoxinuo
t
h
ek
i
n
go
fC
e
n
t
r
a
lIndia, r
e
s
t
o
r
a
b
l
et
oD
e
v
a
s
e
n
a
.

(
4
) Moluofamo

M
a
r
a
v
a
r
m

o
r

The d
a
t
eo
ft
h
er
e
c
e
p
t
i
o
no
ft
h
eI
n
d
i
a
nm
i
s
s
i
o
n
s and t
h
er
e
g
n
a
l
y
e
a
r
so
fVinayadityal
e
a
du
st
ob
e
l
i
e
v
et
h
a
tk
i
n
g
si
nt
h
eSouthAsian
S
u
b
c
o
n
t
i
n
e
n
ta
r
ea
l
lcontemporary.Up t
onowDevasenahas n
o
tbeen
known i
nanyo
t
h
e
rs
o
u
r
c
e
si
nt
h
ec
o
n
t
e
x
to
ft
h
eh
i
s
t
o
r
yo
f Cent r al
I
n
d
i
a
' org
e
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c
a
ln
o
r
t
h
e
r
nI
n
d
i
aa
f
t
e
rt
h
ed
e
a
t
ho
f Har a. Can
Dipoxinuo (Devasena) be an e
p
i
t
h
e
to
f Yishafamo (Yasovarman)? I
f
DipoxinuoandYishafamohadbeenoneandt
h
e same king , t
h
eTang
s
o
u
r
c
e
swouldhaves
e
l
e
c
t
e
do
n
l
yonenamefromt
h
et
w
o
.S
i
n
c
eIb
e
l
i
e
v
e
t
h
a
tDevasenacanp
o
s
s
i
b
l
ybet
a
k
e
nasd
i
s
t
i
n
c
tfromYaovarman , t
h
e
e
x
i
s
t
e
n
c
ei
nA
.D
.6
9
1 or6
9
2a
tt
h
el
a
t
e
s
to
fDevasenaa
st
h
eC
e
n
t
r
a
l
I
n
d
i
ck
i
n
gi
simportant f
o
rc
h
r
o
n
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
l
y framing Yasovarman. E
v
i

d
e
n
t
l
yYaovarmancamet
ot
h
et
h
r
o
n
ea
f
t
e
rA
.D
.6
9
1 or6
9
2andwas
s
t
i
l
lont
h
et
h
r
o
n
ei
nA
.D
. 731, t
h
ed
a
t
eo
ft
h
eTang'sr
e
c
e
p
t
i
o
no
ft
h
e
ft
h
ei
t
i
n
e
r
a
r
yo
fHuichaod
i
s
c
u
s
s
e
d
m
i
s
s
i
o
ns
e
n
tunderh
i
sownname. I
abovei
sright , Yasovarman'sa
c
c
e
s
s
i
o
ni
sd
a
t
a
b
l
et
osomet
i
m
ea
f
t
e
rA
.
D
.6
9
1or6
9
2andb
e
f
o
r
eA
.D
.7
2
5
.
Ast
ot
h
eI
n
d
i
a
nm
i
s
s
i
o
n
sr
e
c
e
i
v
e
dbyt
h
eTangc
o
u
r
ta
f
t
e
rA
.D
.6
9
1
or692, t
h
eCefuyu ngui
(Vo
l
.9
71
) andt
h
e OldTng shu ( Vo l.
1
9
8
)d
e
s
c
r
i
b
et
h
a
tt
h
eemperorXuanzongr
e
c
e
i
v
e
ds
e
v
e
r
a
lm
i
s
s
i
o
n
sfrom
C
e
n
t
r
a
lI
n
d
i
ad
u
r
i
n
gt
h
eKaiyuanera , suchast
h
o
s
ei
nt
h
e5
t
hmontho
f
Year5(
A
.D
.717) , t
h
e1
s
tmontho
fYear8(
A
.D
.720), t
h
e7
t
hmonth
A
.D
. 731)The
o
fYear1
3(
A
.D
.7
2
5
)andt
h
e1
0
t
hmontho
fYear1
9(
l
a
s
tonei
sa
t
t
e
s
t
e
di
nt
h
ea
f
o
r
e
s
a
i
d Tng shua
st
h
em
i
s
s
i
o
n undoubt

e
d
l
ys
e
n
tbyYaovarman. T
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
ea
l
lt
h
e
s
em
i
s
s
i
o
n
sf
a
l
li
nt
h
eabove
frameworkbetweenA
.D
.6
9
2and7
2
5
.C
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
i
n
gt
h
ei
n
t
e
r
v
a
l
so
feach
mission , t
h
et
w
e
n
t
y
s
i
xyeari
n
t
e
r
v
a
l between Devasena's m
i
s
s
i
o
n and
sthree , f
i
v
eand
t
h
eonei
nA
.D
.7
1
7i
sf
a
rl
o
n
g
e
rthant
h
eothers , sucha
s
i
xy
e
a
r
st
h
a
tseemt
or
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
tas
e
r
i
e
so
fm
i
s
s
i
o
n
ss
e
n
t by oneand
t
h
esamek
i
n
g
.I
tmaybeallowedt
othink , therefore , t
h
a
tYasovarman
camet
ot
h
et
h
r
o
n
ei
nsomeyearbetweenA
.D
.691/2and717, ormore
1
3

S
h
.KUWAYAMA
properly

, ina yearquiteclose to 717, already gained victory over the

vastregionsofnotonlyCentralIndiabutalsoGauQabyA
.D
.725, and
31
.
s
t
i
l
lwas i
n theposition six years laterin 7
Notes
i
v
ed
i
v
i
s
i
o
n
so
ft
h
eSubcontinent-Central
, East , West , Southand
1
. Theanci t f
NorthIndia-asshowni
nt
h
et
i
t
l
e WuTinzhuoguo (
F
i
v
eI
n
d
i
cRegions)don
o
t
n
d
i
a
'c
o
v
e
r
st
h
e
alwayscorrespondt
omoderngeographicaldivisions. Central I
re a c
o
n
c
e
i
v
e
da
st
h
ec
e
n
t
e
ro
fI
n
d
i
a
ncivilization , ort
h
eGa ga- Yamuna do b
o
f
t
e
ni
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g western Benga l. East I
n
d
i
a
'i
n
c
l
u
d
e
s most o
f Bengal and
n
d
i
a
'c
o
v
e
r
st
h
emiddleandlowerIndusValleysanda
l
s
o
Orissa , while West I
n
d
i
a
'i
salmostsynonymouswitht
h
e
t
h
ea
r
e
at
ot
h
es
o
u
t
h
e
a
s
to
fthem. South I
N
o
r
t
hI
n
d
i
a
'i
n
c
l
u
d
e
st
h
en
o
r
t
h
w
e
s
t

p
e
n
i
n
s
u
l
a
rp
a
r
to
ft
h
eSubcontinent , and'
e
r
np
a
r
to
fi
te
x
t
e
n
d
i
n
gfromP
a
n
j
i
i
bthroughn
o
r
t
h
e
r
nPakistan and Kashmir
t
oe
a
s
t
e
r
nA
f
g
h
a
n
i
s
t
a
n
. Ther
e
g
i
o
n
a
l denominations o
ft
h
eS
u
b
c
o
n
t
i
n
e
n
tused
belowshouldbereada
st
h
esamea
st
h
eabovef
i
v
eu
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