HMT Short Notes

Basic

1. Thermal Conductivity
Variation

Solid

Water
Liquid
Gases

Thermal conductivity is very high for Non-metallic crystals

2. Specific Heat:

cp

3. Thermal Diffusivity: How fast the heat propagates

=

k
cp

4. Convection heat transfer coefficient

Forced> Free , Liquid >Gas , Boilingcondensation mein max

Conduction Governing PDE

1. General Formula for 1D Heat Conduction
1 n T
T
r k
+ g = c p
n
r
t
r r

r=

0 ; for longwallr x
1 ; for long cylinder
2 ; for sphere

2. Heat flux varies with r in case of infinitely long cylinder and sphere, as area
perpendicular to heat flow varies with r.
3. General Formula for 3D Heat Conduction (Cartesian coordinate)

T
T
k
+
k
+
k
+ g = c p
x x y y z z
t

( ) ( ) ( )

For constant k = Fourier-Biot Eq

For steady State = Poissons eq
For No heat gen = Diffusion eq
No heat gen and steady = Laplace

4. General Formula for 3D Heat Conduction (Polar coordinate)

1
T 1
T

T
T
rk
+ 2
k
+
k
+ g = c p
r r
r r z z
t

( ) ( )

5. Boundary conditions for solving diff eq 1D:

At insulated surface or at thermal symmetry

( Tx )=0

Rest all are easy, simply Q will remain same

6. Heat generation in solids

{ {

gL
h
T sT =f ( x ) = gr T oT s=f ( x )=
2h
gr
3h

g L2
2k
g r2
4k
g r3
6k

If temperature distribution is to be found out then:

Take small element and then apply energy balance, then solve diff eq and put given
boundary conditions.

7. Variable thermal conductivity:

k ( T )=k o ( 1+ T )
=temperature coefficient of thermal conductivity

In a temperature range
to value of function

k avg =k o 1+

T 1 +T 2
2

k (t )

T1 T2
at

average value of thermal conductivity is equal

T =T avg , that is

)
Steady State Heat Conduction

1. Conduction Thermal Resistances (ALKA)

r1
r 2 /

ln
L
Rwall=
R =
kA cyl

2. Convection Thermal Resistances

Rconv =

1
hA

3. Radiation Thermal Resistances

Rrad =

1
hrad A

where , hrad = ( T 2s +T 2surr ) (T s +T surr )

4. Combined Convection Radiation heat transfer coefficient.

If both convection and radiation are present then use:
hcombined =hconv + hrad
Then
Req =

1
hcombined A

Note that mostly you do not know

Ts

Ts

in that case you take any suitable

and solve the problem, then find check

Ts

again, if error is

significant then re-iterate.

5. Overall heat transfer coefficient
Express equation in form on Newtons law of cooling

Q=UA
T
Here U is overall heat transfer coefficient.
UA=

1
Rtotal

For hollow cylinder and sphere you need to define the area with respect
to which you are calculating the overall heat transfer coefficient,
because surface area is different. We say surface area w.r.t inner radius
or outer radius

6. Critical Thickness of insulation

For

r <r cr

as you increase insulation heat transfer rate increases

r >r cr

For

as you increase insulation heat transfer rate decreases

k
2k
r cr = for cylr cr = for sph
h
h

Wires vagerah mein zyada significant order of

r cr

is of mm

Fins (HAPKA)

1. Pin-Fin equation
2

m
=0

Where,
m=

=excesstemperature ( thanambient )=T T

hp
k Ac

P is perimeter and

Ac

is cross-sectional area.

2. Basic Eq for various boundary conditions

Temperature
Distribution:

Fin Efficiency:

Heat Transfer:

M = hpk A c

Infinitely Long
Fin

=emx
b

1
mL

Q=M
b

Adiabatic Fin Tip

cosh [m ( lx ) ]
=
b
cosh mL

tanh mL
mL

Q=M
b

tanh mL

3. Fin efficiency:
=

actual
Q
max
Q

max =h A fin ( T bT )
Q
actual =h ( A fin )( T bT )
Q
By the above relation we find that we can replace the actual fin by the extra surface
equals to A fin .Add this area to unfinned outer surface area and we get new area to
put in newtons law of cooling to give heat transfer from a finned (fin+unfin) surface.

4. Fin effectiveness

For a single fin

=

fin
fin
h ( A fin ) ( T b T )
Q
Q
=
=
nofin h ( Ab ) ( T bT )
Q
h ( A b ) ( T bT )

A fin
Ab

A fin
=
Ab

For a finned surface: Overall Fin effectiveness

fin + Q
un fin
Q
nofin
Q

A fin + Aun fin

Anofin

For increase decrease problems use: (KP Sir bht effective the)

kp
h Ac

Unsteady state conduction

1. Lumped System
Temperature does not vary with location, uniform temperature thought-out.

Condition of applicability:
Biot number < 0.1, implies temperature gradient inside body is
negligible
Bi=

h Lc
k

Lc =

V
r r
=charachteristic length=L, , for wall cyl , sph
As
2 3

Biot number provides measure of temperature drop of solid relative to

temperature difference between solid surface and the fluid
Also interpreted
resistance.

as

ratio

of

thermal

resistance

to

convection

2. Governing equation

=eb x
o
Or alternate form
=eF
o

Bi

Where, b= time constant

b=

hA
cpV

And Fo =fourier number

Fo =

t
L c2

Effect of high/low b
High b implies equilibrium will be achieved quicker. Jitna bada b utni
fast process
3. Un-lumped Analysis

We use Hiesler Charts for this

Non dimentionalised solution

=f (Fo, Bi , X )

X =x / L
Bi=

hL
k

T ( x , t )T
=
T o T

Lumped and un-lumped ke L

different hai
For un-lumped analysis
L = L , r , r for wall, cyl, sph
Fo =

t
L2