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Figure 1
In the experiment, we will able to analyze the motion of a projectile.
Specially, we will be able to explain the effects of variable launch angles and initial
speeds to the positions of the projectile along the x-axis and y-axis. To simplify, we
will be able to resolve the position, velocity, and acceleration into horizontal and
vertical components, because these components are perpendicular, meaning they
are independent to each other
The objectives of the experiment is to analyze the motion of a projectile and
to compute ranges if projectile launch at different angles particularly, 60 and 30
degrees. The materials of the experiment are projectile launcher, metal ball (25 mm
in diameter), meter stick, plumb line, iron stand clamp, target board, bond paper,
and carbon paper. The projectile launcher can be very dangerous because if the
projectile launcher loaded with metal ball is fired to a person or an object, it may
hurt the person or it may destroy things, so for safety purposes, we only fired the
projectile launcher after the area that it may cover is cleared.
From Newtons second law of motion, we can say that the vertical motion of
the projectile is accelerated due to gravity. The motion of the projectile is simply
that of a body of free fall. The horizontal motion, in the absence of force along the
x-axis, is uniform and with constant velocity.
The second equation is the change in position is equal to the integral of velocity
with respect to time.
1 2
x=x 0+ v 0 t + a t
2
The third equation is the change in velocity is equal to the integral of acceleration
with respect to position.
v 2=v 02 +2 a( xx 0 )
Using these three equations, we can derive the equations for projectile
motion, as shown in Table 1. In the next part, the derivation of equations for
projectile motion will also be discussed.
acceleration
velocity
position
The path of a projectile that is launched at x0=0 and y0=0, with an initial
velocity v0.The initial velocity and the velocities at various points along its path are
shown, along with their components. Note that the horizontal velocity component
remains constant but the vertical velocity component changes continuously. The
The range R is the horizontal distance the projectile has traveled when it
returns to its launch height. As shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2
The acceleration along the x-axis is zero, the horizontal velocity is constant
all throughout the motion. Along the y-axis, the velocity changes because of the
acceleration due to gravity. The velocity of the projectile at any given time is given
by
v fy=v 0 y +
v fy= v 0 y 2+2 gy
x=v 0 cos t
If the projectile starts and ends along the same vertical level, the horizontal
distance traveled called the range R, can be computed from the equation
v02 sin 2
R=
g
For the vertical distance travelled at any given time, the following equation
can be use
1
y=v 0 sin t + g t 2
2
The experiment is divided into three parts. The first part is getting the initial
velocity of the projectile. The second part is determining the range of the
projectile. The third part is determining the maximum height of the projectile.
The first part of the experiment is getting the initial velocity of the projectile.
First we set-up the materials carefully. The launcher is attached to the iron stand.
We placed the launcher setup in a flat surface and we set the angle indicator to 0
degrees so that the launcher us in horizontal position. Like Ive said earlier, the
launchers path should be cleared to avoid damages and injuries. Then we measured
the vertical distance from the floor to the crosshairs on the side of the launcher. We
then place the metal ball in the launcher and used a ramrod to set into long-range
setting. Then we fired a test trial so that we can know where we can place the bond
paper and carbon paper. After setting-up all the required materials, we launched the
metal ball, and doing it with 5 trials and we measure the horizontal distance in
meters. The set-up is shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3
1
2
3
4
5
1.89 m
1.965 m
1.897 m
1.925 m
1.964 m
Average = 4.1263 m/s
4.0445 m/s
4.2050 m/s
4.0595 m/s
4.1194 m/s
4.203 m/s
2y
g we also computed the initial velocity v0 of each trial, and we get the
x
t
The second part of the experiment is determining the range of the projectile.
To begin this part we set-up the launcher near the edge of the table. We then set the
angle at 30 in the first 5 trials and then switches it to 60 in the next 5 trials. Like
Ive said earlier, the launchers path should be cleared to avoid damages and
injuries. We then place the metal ball in the launcher and used a ramrod to set into
long-range setting. Then we fired a test trial so
that we can know where we can place the
bond paper and carbon paper. After
setting-up all the required materials, we
launched the metal ball, and doing it with
5 trials with the angle set to 30 and then
5 trials with the angle set to 60, where in
each trial we measure the range in meters.
The set-up is shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4
The result in each trial in 30 and 60
in which we measure the experimental range value is shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5
v02 sin 2
In the first 5 trials which is set to 30, we determined the computed
g
percent difference=
launchangle=60
Trial
1
2
3
4
5
RExpValue
PERCENTAGE
RExpValue
PERCENTAGE
DIFFERENCE
DIFFERENCE
2.022 m
29.34 %
2.008 m
28.66 %
1.995 m
28.03 %
2.038 m
30.11 %
2m
28.27 %
2.06 m
31.16 %
1.975 m
27.04 %
2.022 m
29.34 %
1.00 m
27.78 %
2.056 m
30.97 %
In the third part of the experiment is determining the maximum height of the
projectile. We set-up the launcher and set it to 30 and 60 with each having 5
trials. We placed the target board and made a trial test to ensure that the metal ball
will hit the target board. Like Ive said earlier, the launchers path should be cleared
to avoid damages and injuries. We then cover the target board with bond paper and
carbon paper. After setting up all the required things we did 5 trials on 30 and 5
trials on 60 angle of the launcher. The set-up is shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5
launchangle=60
Y max =0.2172
Y max =0.6515 m
Trial
1
2
3
4
5
Ymax
Percentage
Ymax
Percentage
experimenta
Difference
experimental
Difference
l value
value
0.314 m
36.45 %
0.909 m
33.00 %
0.315 m
36.75 %
0.92 m
34.17 %
0.326 m
40.06 %
0.923 m
34.49 %
0.355 m
48.16 %
0.926 m
34.80 %
0.340 m
44.08 %
0.929 m
35.12 %
The results of the third part of the experiment is shown in Table 4. We have
determined in the first part of the experiment that the average initial velocity is
4.1263 m/s and we used it to solve the computed maximum vertical distance for
the 30 and 60 angle of the launcher. To compute the maximum vertical distance
we use the formula
(v 0 sin)2
y max =
In the launch angle of 30, the computed maximum vertical
2g
distance is 0.2172 m.
In the launch angle of 60, the computed maximum vertical distance is 0.6515 m.
We have also computed the percentage difference in the 10 trials using the formula
|difference of the two values|
percent difference=
GUIDE QUESTIONS:
1. From the result of your experiment, how would you compare the range of the
projectile launched at 30 degrees to the one launched at 60 degrees? Is this
consistent with the theory? Defend your answer.
Based on the results of the experiment, the range of the projectile launched at 30
degrees is almost the same with the projectile launched at 60 degrees. It is
consistent with the theory because force acting on y-axis is independent from the
force acting on x-axis. The formula of range is equal to the square of initial
velocity multiplied by the sine function of twice the angle all over gravity, but sin
2(30) is
3
2
3
and sin 2(60) is also 2 , so this means that the computed range
the theory because we are comparing the maximum height of a projectile launched
at two complementary angles, therefore it would give different values because in
the formula, we use sin , and we know that sin 30 and sin 60 have different
values, therefore the two launch angles will give different maximum vertical
distance.
3. List down the possible sources of errors in this experiment.
One possible error of this experiment is the air resistance because we didnt consider its
effect on the projectile. Another error is the accurate measurements and also the
accurate setting of angles.