GOALS OR OBJECTIVES

DEFINITON:-
The term objective and goal are use interchangeably. Objective stand for aims and
objects, purpose, goal, target and mission, but the common redeeming feature in all
those terms is the end and the destination towards which all human endeavors are made
in conjunction with the available resources. They are as such those aim and aspiration,
which are set up by people to achieve and towards which the whole economic and
business activities are directed.

“A
managerial objective is the intended goal
that prescribes definite scope and suggests
direction to the planning efforts of a manager.”
The definition includes four concepts:
➢ Scope
➢ Goal
➢ Definiteness
➢ Direction
A goal should not be confused with a general area of desired activities. The scope of
intended goal is included in a statement of the prescribed boundaries to be observed.
An objective connotes definiteness. Purposes stated in vague double meaning have
little or no managerial value. Finally direction is indicated by the objectives.

NATURE OF OBJECTIVES

Objective state end results, and over all objectives need to be supported by sub-
objectives. Thus, objectives form a hierarchy as well as a network. Moreover,
organization and managers have multiple goals that are sometimes incompatible and
may lead to conflict within the organization, within the group and even within
individuals.

1. MULTIPLE OBJECTIVES:-
Objectives whether of an enterprise, institution or any other establishment,
may be many business enterprises might have objectives of a certain rate of profit
and return on investment, flow of finished products at certain quantity, maintaining a
certain quality of goods produced, emphasizing research, capturing market etc.
similarly a charitable institution like hospital might have objectives of providing
effective treatment to a given number of patients, expanding indoor and outdoor
medical facilities at a certain rate, improving quality of services through better
training to medical facilities at a certain rate, improving quality of services through
better training to medical treatment

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 These multiple objectives form a network of desired results. They may be long
range depending upon the urgency of the requirement and priorities set by the
enterprise. But they must have integral relationship between them. They should
support and interlock with each other. They express the mission of enterprise of
institute. They should therefore supplement each other to make the targets of the
enterprise a success. It will definitely be tragic when they interfere with each other.

2. HIERARCHY OF OBJECTIVES:-
For every enterprise there exists a hierarchy of objectives. At the top
organizational level there may be major objectives priming goals for the entire
efforts. At the middle or lower level of organization structure there may be
departmental or sub departmental objectives. This may go on further subdividing
down the organizational level to finally become individual objectives. The
accomplishment of each subsidiary objective should contribute to the achievement of
immediate superior objectives and in this way sub-departmental objectives should
finally lead to the accomplishment of major objectives. Therefore the objectives of a
section of the department, the department itself and different departments as a
whole should thoroughly integrated to make them positive, purposeful and effective.

3. A NETWORK OF OBJECTIVES:-
Both objectives and planning normally form a network of desired results
and events. If goals are not interconnected and if they do not support on another
people very often pursue paths that may seem good for their own department but
may be detrimental to the company as a whole.
It is easy for one department of a company to set goals that may seem
entirely appropriate for it, only to find itself operating at cross purposes with another
department. The manufacturing department may see that it goals are best served by
long production runs, but this might interfere with the marketing departments desire
to have all products in the line readily available or with the finance departments
goals of maintaining investment in inventory at a certain low level.

DETERMINATION OF OBJECTIVES AND GOALS

Following are the major steps in effective objective and goal setting.
1. DEFINE YOUR OBJECTIVE AND GOALS:-
Its means ask yourself that
➢ What we want to do?
➢ What exactly achievement would be worth by our best efforts?
➢ What would we attempt if we knew it was impossible to fail?
➢ What would we go for if we knew this was our last chance?
Try to make sure your vision so that you would follow despite whatever failure
that might arise along the way objectives and goals must be specific verifiable
measurable and quantifiable.
1. WHERE ARE WE RIGHT NOW:-

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 The manager must examine carefully that where he is right now? Are you willing
to do things you may not want to do in order to reach the objective and goal?
2. BE HONEST ABOUT WHAT YOU NEED TO DO:-
In this context examine strength and weakness what sort of situation will you
face it mean for the achievement of objectives and goal the honest measurement of
future is appreciable.
3. FORMULATE A DAILY IMPROVEMENT PLAIN:-
It is an important step in effective objective and goal setting “what can I do on a
daily basis to what toward reaching my goals” it shows the daily progress will lead you
the achievement of overall objective of organization.
4. MAKE AND WORK ON SHORT TERMS GOALS:-
For the achievement of overall objectives it is necessary at initially short term
objectives and goals should be achieved the success in achieving short goals will lead
to overall objectives because short term objective and goals to keep you motivating
toward long term goal.

5. STRONG COMMITMENT:-
It is very easy to say that you are being to do something but the strong
commitment will make it possible same for achievement of goals strong commitment
is highly recommended.
6. CONTINUOUSLY MONITOR YOUR PROGRESS-
Daily monitoring regarding days objectives and goals is essential. It means to
focus on daily operation activities in as organization is the important responsibility of
the manager. “Ask yourself daily am I getting close to my objectives and goals?”

MANAGEMENT BY OBJECTIVES
Management by objectives refers to a practice where superior, which serve as a
standard against which his actual accomplish is measured, explains the objective of
subordinate’s manager. The superior manager easily knows capability and
achievement of his subordinate manager. The subordinate manager on the other hand,
knows his success, competency of weakness. He knows what was assigned to him and
what his accomplishment was,. Nothing is hissed to any side and as such it
automatically restores confidence, fairplay and justice.
MBO is one of the interesting development in the field of management has been
the introduction of programme of managing by objectives. We know that manager from
top to down the organizational level have some objectives looks accomplishment. Their
organization level have some objective apparently may look to be different due to their
being divided into department and units, but they have a common approach and

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directs and in directs contribution to the main objectives of the enterprise. In fact they
are the members of the team and should have teamwork and team result.

CHARACTERISTICS:-
Management by objectives has certain characteristics as explain below:

1. CLARIFICATION OF OBJECTIVES:-
It is explain and spells cut specifics objectives in clear, understandable and definite
term. The superior knows what he expects from his subordinates manager and the
latter understands what he has to accomplish by given them.

2. SUCCESS OF SPECIFIC GOALS:-

It sets specifics goals in such a manner that it integrates short-range objectives
with long-range objectives. Each successive specific goal is perfectly integrated.
3. DELEGATION BY OBJECTIVES:-
If duties are assign in terms of results to be achieved. Authority delegation
becomes specific and simple it believes in delegation of authority in the light of
objectives assigned. This makes delegation authority purposeful and effective.
4. VERIFIABLE RESULTS:
It is impossible to measures achievement of objectives accurately if stated in
general terms. Management by objectives expresses specific goals in verifiable and
quantifiable term thereby making measurement of performance or control easy, simple
and definite.
5. IMPROVE MANAGEMENT ABILITY:-
At each interval, the subordinates should understand his capability effectiveness
and efficiency so that he may concentrate on his weaker areas of performance to
improve himself further. Management by objectives provides this opportunity.

THE PROCESS OF MANAGING BY OBJECTIVES

1. Setting preliminary objective at the top:
2. Clarifying organizational roles:
3. Setting subordinates objectives:
4. Recycling objectives:

1. Setting preliminary by objectives:

The first step is setting objects is for the top manager to determine what he or she
perceives to be the purpose or mission and the more important goals of the enterprise
for a given period ahead. There goals can be set for any period.

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2. Clarifying organizational roles:
The relationship between the expected result and the responsibility for attaining
them is often overlooked. Ideally each goal and sub goal should be one particulars
People clear responsibility. Analysis of an organizational structure however, often
reseals that the responsibility is vague and that clarification is needed. Sometimes it is
impossible to structure an organization so that given objective is someone personal
responsibility,

3. Setting subordinates goals:-

The third process of managing by objective is the setting subordinate goals. After
making sure that subordinates managers have been informed of pertinent general
objectives, strategies and planning premises, the superior can then proceed to work
with subordinates in setting their objectives. The superior asks what goals the
subordinates believe they can accomplish, in what time period and with what
resources. Superior must also be patient counselors, helping their subordinates
develop consistent and supportive objectives and being careful not to set goals that
are impossible to achieve.

4. Recycling objectives:-

Recycling objectives is the final process of managing by objectives. Objective can

hardly be set by starting at the top and dividing them up among subordinates. Nor
should they be started from the bottom. A degree of recycling is required. Setting
objectives is not only a joint process but also an interactive one. For example a sales
manager any realistically set a goal to achieve product sales that are much higher
than what top management has believed possible. In this event the goals of the
manufacturing and finance departments will surely be affected.