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Dr. S. Rex
Post Graduate Student,
SRM Dental Col lege
T S 8464, Ayyanar Koil Street,
Pudukottai , Tamil Nadu - 622 001.
Phone: +91 99940 61942
FEM is defined as a technique of discrediting a continuum into simple geometric shapes elements,
enforcing material properties and governing relationships on these elements giving due
consideration to loading and boundary conditions which results in a set of equation, solution
which gives the approximate behaviour of the continuum. This study was undertaken to determine
the types of orthodontic forces that cause high stress at the root apex. A 3-dimensional finite
lement model of a maxillary central incisor, its periodontal ligament (POL), and alveolar bone
was constructed on the basis of average anatomic morphology. The maxillary central incisor was
chosen for study because it is one of the teeth at greatest risk for apical root resorption . The
material properties of enamel, dentin, POL, and bone and 5 different load systems (tipping,
intrusion, extrusion, bodily movement, and rotational force) were tested. The finite element analysis
showed that purely intrusive, extrusive, and rotational forces had stresses concentrated at the
ap x of the root. The principal stress from a tipping force was located at the alveolar crest. For
bodily movement, stress was distributed throughout the POL; however, it was concentrated more
at the alveolar crest. We conclude that intrusive, extrusive, and rotational forces produce more
stress at the apex. Bodily movement and tipping forces concentrate forces at the alveolar crest,
not at the apex.
Keywords
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DISCUSSION
During tooth movement, changes in the periodontium
occur, depending on the magnitude, direction, and
duration of force applied. The knowledge of the
reactions of the supporting structures in orthodontic
treatment is still incomplete because histologic
techniques used today can provide only limited
information. The forces delivered by an orthodontic
appliance can be determined by direct measurement
with suitable instruments or, by mathematical
calculation. Most orthodontic appliances deliver a
relatively complicated set of forces and moments. The
problems inherent in studying the response of a tooth
subjected to a force system are much more complex
and difficult to solve than those of simple measurement
of the forces. Observations can be made on three levels
to describe a tooth's response to forces : the clinical
level, the cellular and biochemical level, and lastly the
stress-strain level . Theoretical methods using
engineering principles eliminate the need for direct
experimental measurements. Photoelastic stress
analysis is one of the methods and it can provide visua I
evidence of stress concentration areas within the model.
Photo elastic method involves construction of a model
of the structure to be investigated from a photoelastic
materi a1.1 ,4,6
Methodology
Modelling of the tooth:
The first step in finite element analysis is modelling.
The quality of the analysis depends on the accuracy of
the model. The maxillary central incisor was selected
to simulate an outer morphology for finite element
model. Scann i ng procedure of the tooth was completed
using computer tomography w ith a sliced thickness of
O.Smm .
Results
Von Mises equivalent stress distributions in the root
and the alveolar bone was analyzed in the study.
Figure shows the distributions of equivalent stresses
according to a liner colour scale, where red indicate
areas with the highest stresses, and blue the lowest.
CONCLUSION
The FEM study showed that for intrusion stress
concentration was more in the root apex. For extrusion
stress concentration was in the mid root and the apex.
Stress was distributed over a wider area and was thus
in lesser magnitude. For rotation maximum stress was
towards the mid root. For tipping stress concentration
was towards the alveolar crest and the apical third of
the alveolar bone. For bodily movement maximum
stress was on the alveolar crest and not at the apex.
The clinical implication of the evaluation of stress
pattern is to keep the orthodontic forces as light as
possible especially for tooth movements like intrusion
to prevent damage to the root. The future improvements
in software and updated versions could help in
refinement of meshing process and creating a more
accurate 3 D FE model.
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