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MS-2066
IDEA IN BRIEF
Minimizing system noise in low power, cost conscious
designs is critical. To attain the lowest noise floor and best
performance from signal conditioning circuitry, designers
must understand component level noise sources and
account for them when calculating the overall noise of
an analog front endit is critical to read and understand
beyond the limited data sheet noise specs in order to
achieve high resolution with very small signals. Every sensor
has its own noise, impedance, and response characteristics,
so matching these to the analog front end is an important
part of the design process. There are a number of ways to
calculate the noise of a circuitall of these should start with
configuring the signal conditioning circuitry optimally
before conducting the noise analysis and calculation. If there
is a good SPICE model available for the op amp, using SPICE
is the easiest approach.
EMBEDDED
PROCESSING
GAS/
CHEM
RADIO
Tx/Rx
SIGNAL
CONDITION
USER INTERFACE
CABLES, DISPLAYS, ETC
PRESSURE
50
40
SENSOR
TUNE/COMP
Tx/Rx LOCATOR
VISIBLE
LIGHT
CONVERSION
09501-001
30
20
VFS = 10V
VFS = 5V
10
10
12
NUMBER OF BITS
14
16
09501-002
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2010 Analog Devices, Inc. All rights reserved.
MS-2066
Technical Article
SNRLOSS
N ADC
= 20 log
2
2.5Nen
2
N ADC + 2 f 3dB FSR
(1)
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2010 Analog Devices, Inc. All rights reserved.
SNRLOSS
17
4.6
1.7
0.02
where:
SNR = 10 log
(2)
Technical Article
MS-2066
50V/DIV
10
0.1
10
100
FREQUENCY (Hz)
1k
TIME (1ms/DIV)
09501-004
09501-003
100
R2
R1
BANDWIDTH = 1.57 fCLOSED-LOOP BANDWIDTH
NOISE GAIN = 1 +
SENSOR
Vn, RSEN
Vn, R1
R1
In
Vn
AVO(s)
RSEN
A
Vn, R3
VOUT
R3
In+
09501-005
VIN
Vn, R2
Figure 4. Signal Conditioning Circuit Showing All Noise Sources (Amplifier Is Assumed to Be Noiseless).
that the p-p value will not be exceeded. In ICs, the two most
common forms of power density distributions are 1/f and
white noise. The quantities of en(f) and in(f) are noise
spectral densities and are expressed in nV/Hz and pA/Hz.
It is important to specify the frequency band, since noise
depends on the measurement bandwidth.
It is also difficult to mathematically characterize amplifier
noise at low frequencies due to 1/f, temperature and aging
effects, and possibly even popcorn noise (see Noise Types
section), but repeated experiments have shown that noise
rises at higher temperatures.
Aside from white noise and 1/f noise, other contributors to
IC noise are popcorn noise, shot noise, and avalanche noise.
In addition to ICs, other components such as the resistors,
capacitors, and inductors commonly used in system designs
each have their own noise.
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MS-2066
R2 2
R1 * R2 2
R1 2
] + In+ 2 R32 + In2[
] + 4 KTR2[
]
R2 + R1
R1 + R2
R1 + R2
1400
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2010 Analog Devices, Inc. All rights reserved.
1300
1200
1100
(3)
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
AMPLIFIER VOLTAGE NOISE DENSITY (nV/Hz)
10
09501-006
Technical Article
Technical Article
MS-2066
Bipolar
CMOS
JFET
Voltage Noise
Best
Good
Better
Current noise
Good
Best
Better
en Corner Frequency
Best
Good
Better
NOISE TYPES
In Sensitivity to
Temperature
Best
Better
Good
EN
(nV/Hz)
IN
(pA/Hz)
Fc
(Hz)
Input
AD8599
1.5
Bipolar
AD8655
2.7
0.007
2000
CMOS
AD8610
0.005
1000
JFET
EN =
f2
en2df = en f 2 f1 = en f
(4)
f2
(5)
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2010 Analog Devices, Inc. All rights reserved.
MS-2066
Technical Article
100
10
100
FREQUENCY (Hz)
1k
Figure 6. Amplifier White Noise Is the Flat Part of a Typical Noise Graph.
1
f
1/f CORNER
WHITE NOISE
LOG f
09501-008
0.1
en, in = k Fc
10
09501-007
3dB/OCTAVE
en = K f c
1
f
fH
EN = en fce ln
fL
IN
fH
= in fci ln
fL
(6)
(7)
Shot Noise
Occurs whenever current passes through a P-N junction
and, of course, there are many junctions on todays ICs.
Barrier crossing is purely random and the dc current
generated is the sum of many random elementary current
pulses. Shot noise is constant over all frequencies. A current
noise which has a uniform power density, it becomes part of
white noise.
I n = 2qIf
Where:
q = Charge on an electron (1.6 1019 coulombs)
(8)
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2010 Analog Devices, Inc. All rights reserved.
(9)
Technical Article
MS-2066
Schottky Noise
B = Bandwidth (Hz)
DESIGN PROCESS
As analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converter
resolutions increase and power supply voltages decrease, the
size of a least significant bit becomes smaller. This makes
signal conditioning tasks more difficult. As the signal size
gets closer to the noise floor, both external and internal
noise sources, including Johnson, shot, broadband, flicker,
and EMI, must be addressed.
Resistor Noise
Found in all resistors and caused by thermal shakeup of
electrons in resistors which cause movements of charge,
causing a voltage to appear. Resistor noise becomes part of
white noise and is constant over all frequencies. One can use
the formula below to find the noise value of a resistor. As a
rule of thumb, 1 k has 4 nV/Hz of noise. It is worth
mentioning that doubling the resistance increases the noise
by 3 dB (4 resistance = doubling the noise, i.e., 6 dB).
Carbon composition and thick film resistors have excess
noise over and above calculated thermal noise.
E N = 4kTRB
(11)
(10)
(12)
Where:
k = Boltzmanns constant (1.374 1023 J/K)
T = Absolute temperature (K), T = C + 273
R = Resistance (W)
R2
R1
BANDWIDTH = 1.57 fCLOSED-LOOP BANDWIDTH
NOISE GAIN = 1 +
Vn, RSEN
Vn, R1
R1
In
RSEN
VIN
NOISERTI =
BW
Vn, R3
Vn
R3
In+
Vn, R2
VCC
AVO(s)
VEE
VOUT
RLOAD
R2 ) 2 + I 2R32 + I 2 ( R1 R2 ) 2 + 4KTR2 ( R1 ) 2
n+
n R1 + R2
R2 + R1
R1 + R2
09501-009
R2
SENSOR
Figure 8. Noise Sources Include the Op Amps Input Voltage Noise and Input Current Noise, Plus Johnson Noise from the External Resistors.
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2010 Analog Devices, Inc. All rights reserved.
MS-2066
Technical Article
30
80
BIPOLAR: OP177
25
70
20
60
1
f CORNER
fC = 0.7Hz
15
50
Vnw (WHITE)
10
5
0.1
1
FREQUENCY (Hz)
CHOPPER: AD8551/AD8552/AD8554
10
40
100
BIPOLAR
(OP177)
CHOPPER
(AD8551/AD8552/AD8554)
0.1Hz TO 10Hz
0.238V p-p
1.04V p-p
0.01Hz TO 1Hz
0.135V p-p
0.33V p-p
0.001Hz TO 0.1Hz
0.120V p-p
0.104V p-p
0.0001Hz TO 0.01Hz
0.118V p-p
0.033V p-p
0.1
FREQUENCY (Hz)
10
09501-010
NOISE BANDWIDTH
30
0.01
Figure 9. Standard Amplifiers, such as Analog Devices OP177, Exhibit 1/f Noise at Low Frequencies (Top Left). Auto-Zero (Chopper) Amplifiers, such as Analog
Devices AD8551/AD8552/AD8554, Have No 1/f Noise (Top Right). PSpice Correctly Models the Behavior of the AD8638 Auto-Zero Amplifier (Bottom Right).
Op Amp Selection
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2010 Analog Devices, Inc. All rights reserved.
Technical Article
MS-2066
Rail-to-Rail Inputs
VSY = 5V
TA = 25C
OP07E
OP27E
Units
Input Offset
Current
0.5
nA
Input Bias
Current
1.2
10
nA
Input Noise
Voltage
0.1 Hz to
10 Hz
0.35
0.08
V p-p
Input Noise
Voltage
Density
f = 1 kHz
9.6
nV/Hz
Input Noise
Current
Density
f = 1 kHz
0.12
0.4
pA/Hz
1000
500
0
500
1000
1500
09501-011
2000
1600
Figure 10. The Input Offset Voltage of a Rail-to-Rail Amplifier Can Change
Dramatically as the Common-Mode Input Voltage Changes.
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
R1 = 1, R2 = 1k
R1 = 100, R2 = 1k
R1 = 1, R2 = 1000
200
0
10
09501-012
1500
2500
Conditions
2500
2000
Parameter
Figure 11. Use Low Value Resistors to Maintain Low Output Noise.
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2010 Analog Devices, Inc. All rights reserved.
MS-2066
R
R2
R1
VALUES OF R
CONTRIBUTION
FROM
3k
300k
AMPLIFIER
VOLTAGE NOISE
AMPLIFIER CURRENT
NOISE FLOWING IN R
300
JOHNSON NOISE OF R
700
1k
NEGLECT R1 AND R2
NOISE CONTRIBUTION
OP27
10k
09501-013
EXAMPLE: OP27
VOLTAGE NOISE = 3nV/Hz
CURRENT NOISE = 1pAHz
TA = 25C
Technical Article
100
BANDWIDTH =
BANDWIDTH =
BANDWIDTH =
BANDWIDTH =
500MHz
50MHz
10MHz
5MHz
10
10
09501-014
Figure 12. Voltage Noise Dominates with Small Resistors; Johnson Noise
Dominates with Medium Values; Current Noise Dominates with Large Resistors.
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2010 Analog Devices, Inc. All rights reserved.
Technical Article
MS-2066
Vni
1k
R
1
2
U7
fs = 25MSPS
VOUT
VINA
0.1F
C
100pF
1
= 50MHz
2RC
12-BIT ADC
50
AD8038
C
VIN
AD9225
1k
VOUT
OP AMP SPECIFICATIONS
C
VIN
VREF
Figure 14. Add a Buffer Between the Sensor and Filter to Avoid Loading Problems.
2.5V
V
R6
V20
1k
V8
C6
1nF
V16
1V
1k
V
R13
AD8655
2.5V
V19
C13
1nF
V18
V+
U3
AD8655
V14
V
R11
1k
2.5V
C12
1nF
C11
1nF
V14
YC
R12
XR
100k
1.2
f0 =
1
2RC XY
Q=
XY
(X + 1) Y
0.8
V = (R13:2)
V = (R11:2)
V = (C6:2)
0.2
0.4
0.6
FREQUENCY (MHz)
0.8
1.0
09501-016
1V
1V
V+
U4
2.5V
Figure 15. Simple RC Filter (a). Buffer Reduces Loading (b). Putting Resistor Inside Feedback Loop Minimizes Noise (c).
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MS-2066
Technical Article
V11
1V
R3
C1
10k
15.9nF
V+
VOUT1
V
U41
AD8610
VEE
R1
1M
C21
15.9pF
09501-017
NOISE CALCULATION
NEB =
1
A 2 v _ max
09501-018
N
1
2
3
4
| Av ( f ) |
df
(13)
09501-019
Figure 18. Noise Equivalent Bandwidth (NEB) of Circuit Shown in Figure 16.
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2010 Analog Devices, Inc. All rights reserved.
Technical Article
MS-2066
Table 6. AD8599 noise specification.
Noise
Performance
Peak-to-Peak
Noise (en p-p)
Voltage Noise
Density (en )
09501-020
Correlated Current
Noise
Typ
f = 10 kHz
Max
76
1.07
Unit
2.0
4.2
2.4
5.2
nV p-p
nV/Hz
nV/Hz
pA/Hz
pA/Hz
pA/Hz
pA/Hz
120
dB
120
dB
1.15
1.5
09501-021
Uncorrelated
Current Noise
Total Harmonic
Distortion + Noise
(THD + N)
Channel
Separation (CS)
Conditions
0.1 Hz to
10 Hz
f = 1 kHz
f = 10 Hz
f = 1 kHz
f = 10 Hz
f = 1 kHz
f = 10 Hz
G = 1, RL 1
k, f = 1 kHz,
VRMS = 1 V
R5
V5
0.01V
499
2
V+
VOUT1
V
U13
AD8599
VEE
R4
R1
500
5M
09501-022
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2010 Analog Devices, Inc. All rights reserved.
MS-2066
Technical Article
R2
Vn, R1
Vn, R3
VCC
R1
In
Vn
AVO(s)
VOUT
RLOAD
R3
In+
09501-023
Vn, R2
VEE
R2
R2
2
2
2 R1 R2
NOISERTI = BW Vn2 + 4 KTR3 + 4 KTR1
+ In+ R3 + In
+ 4 KTR2
+
+
2
1
R
R
1
2
R
R
R1 + R2
(14)
VCC
09501-024
R5
V5
0.01V
250
Rb
V+
AD8599
VOUT1
V
1
250
R4
R1
5k
09501-025
VEE
R2
R2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
(NOISERTO )2 = 1 +
(Vn + (4 KTR3) + In+ R3 + (4 KTRb ) ) + ((4 KTR1) In Rb ) + In R2 + (4 KTR2 )
R1
R1
R2
Vn, R1
Vn, R3
R1
Vn, Rb
Rb
In
Vn, R2
Vn
AVO(s)
R3
RLOAD
In+
VOUT
09501-026
(15)
Technical Article
MS-2066
Unbalanced
Balanced
1.1418
1.1418
(4 KTR3) 2
7.9918
3.9918
(4 KTR2) 2
8.0015
8.0015
(4 KTRb)
0.0000
3.9918
(4 KTR1) 2
8.0018
4.0018
0.0000
2.4919
1.4318
5.61E19
1.4412
1.0012
NEB
15.7 kHz
15.7 kHz
Total Noise(RTO) V
560
484
Vn
In Rb
In 2 R2 2
2
In + R3
fH
+ (FH FC )
fL
(16)
Vn,rms (FL , FH )
= noiseBroadband 25 Hz ln
70 Hz
0.1 Hz
+ (70 Hz 25 Hz)
(17)
= 40.45 nV
(18)
= 8.854 uVRMS
10
Add the noise values for the two regions in an rms fashion,
shown in Equation 19, to obtain a total noise of 8.86 V rms.
8
7
Vnoise _ RTO
= (V 1
noise
)2 + (Vwhite _ noise )2
(19)
= 8.86 uVRMS
4
3
2
1
0
10
100
1k
10k
FREQUENCY (Hz)
100k
09501-027
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2010 Analog Devices, Inc. All rights reserved.
MS-2066
Technical Article
Voutrms
SNRopamp = 20 * log(
)
V
noise _ RTO
Vfsrms
= 20 log(
)
V
noise _ RTO
20 V
REFERENCES
(20)
2. Application Note AN-347, How to Exclude InterferenceType Noise, What to Do and Why to Do ItA Rational
Approach. Analog Devices.
= 20 log( 2 2 ) = 122 dB
8.86 uV
SNRopamp / 10
+ 10
SNR ADC / 10
(21)
9. Motchenbacher, C. D., and J. A. Connelly. 1993. LowNoise Electronic System Design. New York: John Wiley
& Sons, Inc.
10. Seminar: Noise Optimization in Sensor Signal
Conditioning Circuits, Part 1.
11. Seminar: Noise Optimization in Sensor Signal
Conditioning Circuits, Part 2.
RESOURCES
For online seminars on this and related subjects, visit
www.analog.com/seminars.
Products Mentioned in This Article
Product
Description
AD7671
AD8506
AD8599
AD8675
OP07
OP177
OP27
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