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Nipponredirects here. For other uses, see Japan constitutional monarchy with an Emperor and an elected
(disambiguation) and Nippon (disambiguation).
legislature called the National Diet.
JPNredirects here. For the album, see JPN (album).
Japan is a member of the UN, the G7, the G8, and the
G20. Japan is a great power.* [11]* [12]* [13]* [14] The
Japan (/dpn/; Japanese: Nippon [nipp] country has the world's third-largest economy by nomior Nihon [nih]; formally
Nippon-koku or nal GDP and the world's fourth-largest economy by purNihon-koku, State of Japan) is an island country in chasing power parity. It is also the world's fth-largest
East Asia. Located in the Pacic Ocean, it lies to the east exporter and fth-largest importer. Although Japan has
of the Sea of Japan, the East China Sea, China, North ocially renounced its right to declare war, it maintains
Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea a modern military with the world's eighth largest miliof Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan tary budget,* [15] used for self-defense and peacekeeping
in the south. The kanji that make up Japan's name mean roles. Japan is a developed country with a high standard
sun origin, and Japan is often called theLand of the of living, and the country is ranked high in the Human
Rising Sun.
Development Index. The Japanese population enjoys the
in the world and the
Japan is a stratovolcanic archipelago of 6,852 islands. highest life expectancy of any country
*
*
third
lowest
infant
mortality
rate.
[16]
[17]* [18] Japan
The four largest are Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, and
*
Shikoku, which make up about ninety-seven percent of ranked rst in the Country Brand Index. [19] Japan is
ranked Asian country in the Global Peace InJapan's land area. Japan's population of 126 million is the highest
*
dex.
[20]
the world's tenth largest. Approximately 9.1 million people live in Tokyo,* [10] the capital city of Japan, which is
the second largest city proper in the OECD. The Greater
Tokyo Area, which includes Tokyo and several surround- 1 Etymology
ing prefectures, is the world's largest metropolitan area
with over 35 million residents and the world's largest ur- Main article: Names of Japan
ban agglomeration economy.
Archaeological research indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period. The rst
written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts
from the 1st century AD. Inuence from other regions,
mainly Imperial China, followed by periods of isolation,
later from Western European inuence, has characterized Japan's history. From the 12th century until 1868,
Japan was ruled by successive feudal military shoguns
who ruled in the name of the Emperor. Japan entered
into a long period of isolation in the early 17th century, which was only ended in 1853 when a United States
eet pressured Japan to open to the West. Nearly two
decades of internal conict and insurrection followed before the Meiji Emperor was restored as head of state in
1868 and the Empire of Japan was proclaimed, with the
Emperor as a divine symbol of the nation. In the late
19th and early 20th centuries, victories in the First SinoJapanese War, the Russo-Japanese War and World War I
allowed Japan to expand its empire during a period of
increasing militarism. The Second Sino-Japanese War
of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941,
which came to an end in 1945 following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Since adopting its revised constitution in 1947, Japan has maintained a unitary
History
HISTORY
primarily inuenced by China.* [33] Despite early resistance, Buddhism was promoted by the ruling class and
gained widespread acceptance beginning in the Asuka period (592710).* [34]
The Nara period (710784) of the 8th century marked
the emergence of a strong Japanese state, centered on an
imperial court in Heij-ky (modern Nara). The Nara
period is characterized by the appearance of a nascent
literature as well as the development of Buddhist-inspired
art and architecture.* [35] The smallpox epidemic of 735
737 is believed to have killed as much as one-third of
Japan's population.* [36] In 784, Emperor Kammu moved
the capital from Nara to Nagaoka-ky before relocating
it to Heian-ky (modern Kyoto) in 794.
2.1
2.3
Modern era
Samurai could kill a commoner for the slightest insult and were
widely feared by the Japanese population. Edo period, 1798
5
rubber stamp of the Emperor. The Constitution requires
that the Emperor promulgate legislation passed by the
Diet, without specically giving him the power to oppose
legislation.* [59] Japan's court system is divided into four
basic tiers: the Supreme Court and three levels of lower
courts.* [63] The main body of Japanese statutory law is
called the Six Codes.* [64]
Plus Three", and is a participant in the East Asia Summit. Japan signed a security pact with Australia in March
2007* [65] and with India in October 2008.* [66] It is
the world's third largest donor of ocial development
assistance after the United States and France, donating
US$9.48 billion in 2009.* [67]
Japan has close economic and military relations with the
United States; the US-Japan security alliance acts as the
cornerstone of the nation's foreign policy.* [68] A member state of the United Nations since 1956, Japan has
served as a non-permanent Security Council member for
a total of 20 years, most recently for 2009 and 2010. It is
one of the G4 nations seeking permanent membership in
the Security Council.* [69]
Japan is engaged in several territorial disputes with its
neighbors: with Russia over the South Kuril Islands, with
GEOGRAPHY
Administrative divisions
6.2
Biodiversity
world.* [87]
sonal wind. The Ryukyu Islands have a subtropical climate, with warm winters and hot summers. Precipitation
is very heavy, especially during the rainy season.* [88]
6.1
Climate
6.2 Biodiversity
Cherry blossoms of Mount Yoshino has been the subject
of many plays and waka poetry
Japan has nine forest ecoregions which reect the climate and geography of the islands. They range from
subtropical moist broadleaf forests in the Ryky and
Bonin Islands, to temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
in the mild climate regions of the main islands, to
temperate coniferous forests in the cold, winter portions of the northern islands.* [92] Japan has over 90,000
species of wildlife, including the brown bear, the
Japanese macaque, the Japanese raccoon dog, and the
Japanese giant salamander.* [93] A large network of
national parks has been established to protect important
areas of ora and fauna as well as thirty-seven Ramsar
wetland sites.* [94]* [95] Four sites have been inscribed
on the UNESCO World Heritage List for their outstanding natural value.* [96]
In the Sea of Japan zone on Honshu's west coast, northwest winter winds bring heavy snowfall. In the summer,
the region is cooler than the Pacic area, though it sometimes experiences extremely hot temperatures because of
the foehn wind. The Central Highland has a typical inland
humid continental climate, with large temperature differences between summer and winter, and between day
and night; precipitation is light, though winters are usually snowy. The mountains of the Chgoku and Shikoku 6.3 Environment
regions shelter the Seto Inland Sea from seasonal winds,
Main article: Environmental issues in Japan
bringing mild weather year-round.* [88]
7 ECONOMY
Economy
7.2 Exports
7.4
9
would be importing shale natural gas.* [125]
eas.* [116]
Japan's exports amounted to US$4,210 per capita in
2005. As of 2012, Japan's main export markets were
China (18.1 percent), the United States (17.8 percent),
South Korea (7.7 percent), Thailand (5.5 percent) and
Hong Kong (5.1 percent). Its main exports are transportation equipment, motor vehicles, iron and steel products, semiconductors and auto parts.* [117] Japan's main
import markets as of 2012 were China (21.3 percent), the
US (8.8 percent), Australia (6.4 percent), Saudi Arabia
(6.2 percent), United Arab Emirates (5.0 percent), South
Korea (4.6 percent) and Qatar (4.0 percent).* [2]
7.3
Imports
10
8 DEMOGRAPHICS
7.5
Infrastructure
Japanese trains are known for their safety and punctuality.* [150]* [151] Proposals for a new Maglev route between Tokyo and Osaka are at an advanced stage.* [152]
There are 175 airports in Japan;* [2] the largest domestic airport, Haneda Airport, is Asia's second-busiest airport.* [153] The largest international gateways are Narita
International Airport, Kansai International Airport and
Chbu Centrair International Airport.* [154] Nagoya Port
is the country's largest and busiest port, accounting for 10
percent of Japan's trade value.* [155]
8 Demographics
Main articles: Demographics of Japan, Japanese people
and Ethnic issues in Japan
Japan's population is estimated at around 127.1
duced from petroleum, 21.3 percent from coal, 21.4 percent from natural gas, 4.0 percent from nuclear power,
and 3.3 percent from hydropower. Nuclear power produced 9.2 percent of Japan's electricity, as of 2011, down Ainu, an ethnic minority people from Japan
from 24.9 percent the previous year.* [142] However, by
May 2012 all of the country's nuclear power plants had
been taken oine because of ongoing public opposition following the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in
March 2011, though government ocials continued to
try to sway public opinion in favor of returning at least
some of Japan's 50 nuclear reactors to service.* [143] As
of November 2014, two reactors at Sendai are likely to
restart in early 2015.* [144] Given its heavy dependence
on imported energy,* [145] Japan has aimed to diversify its sources and maintain high levels of energy eciency.* [146]
Japan's road spending has been extensive.* [147] Its 1.2
million kilometers of paved road are the main means of
transportation.* [148] A single network of high-speed, divided, limited-access toll roads connects major cities and
is operated by toll-collecting enterprises. New and used
cars are inexpensive; car ownership fees and fuel levies
are used to promote energy eciency. However, at just
50 percent of all distance traveled, car usage is the lowest
of all G8 countries.* [149]
Dozens of Japanese railway companies compete in regional and local passenger transportation markets; major
companies include seven JR enterprises, Kintetsu Corporation, Seibu Railway and Keio Corporation. Some 250
high-speed Shinkansen trains connect major cities and
8.1
Religion
11
its Constitution. Upper estimates suggest that 8496 percent of the Japanese population subscribe to Buddhism
or Shinto, including a large number of followers of a
syncretism of both religions.* [2]* [182] However, these
estimates are based on people aliated with a temple,
rather than the number of true believers. Other studies have suggested that only 30 percent of the population
identify themselves as belonging to a religion.* [183] According to Edwin Reischauer and Marius Jansen, some
7080% of the Japanese do not consider themselves believers in any religion.* [184]
Nevertheless, the level of participation remains high, especially during festivals and occasions such as the rst
shrine visit of the New Year. Taoism and Confucianism
from China have also inuenced Japanese beliefs and customs.* [185] Japanese streets are decorated on Tanabata,
Obon and Christmas. Fewer than one percent of Japanese
are Christian.* [186] Other minority religions include
Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism, and Judaism, and since the
Japan's population is expected to drop to 95 million
mid-19th century numerous new religious movements
by 2050;* [167]* [172] demographers and government
have emerged in Japan.* [187]
planners are currently in a heated debate over how to
cope with this problem.* [169] Immigration and birth
incentives are sometimes suggested as a solution to
8.2 Languages
provide younger workers to support the nation's aging
*
*
population. [173] [174] Japan accepts a steady ow of
Main articles: Languages of Japan and Japanese language
15,000 new Japanese citizens by naturalization () per
*
year. [175] According to the UNHCR, in 2012 Japan accepted just 18 refugees for resettlement,* [176] while the More than 99 percent of the population speaks Japanese
as their rst language.* [2] Japanese is an agglutinative
12
9 CULTURE
8.3
Education
9 Culture
introduced in 1872 as a result of the Meiji Restoration.* [193] Since 1947, compulsory education in Japan
comprises elementary and middle school, which together
last for nine years (from age 6 to age 15). Almost all children continue their education at a three-year senior high
school, and, according to the MEXT, as of 2005 about
75.9 percent of high school graduates attended a university, junior college, trade school, or other higher education institution.* [194]
The two top-ranking universities in Japan are the
University of Tokyo and Kyoto University.* [195]* [196]
The Programme for International Student Assessment
coordinated by the OECD currently ranks the overall
knowledge and skills of Japanese 15-year-olds as sixth
9.3
9.1
Literature
Art
13
the sixteenth.* [206] Western classical music, introduced
in the late 19th century, now forms an integral part of
Japanese culture. The imperial court ensemble Gagaku
has inuenced the work of some modern Western
composers.* [207]
Notable classical composers from Japan include Toru
Takemitsu and Rentar Taki. Popular music in post-war
Japan has been heavily inuenced by American and European trends, which has led to the evolution of J-pop,
or Japanese popular music.* [208] Karaoke is the most
widely practiced cultural activity in Japan. A 1993 survey
by the Cultural Aairs Agency found that more Japanese
had sung karaoke that year than had participated in traditional pursuits such as ower arranging (ikebana) or tea
ceremonies.* [209]
9.3 Literature
Further information: Japanese art, Japanese architecture, Main articles: Japanese literature and Japanese poetry
The earliest works of Japanese literature include the
Japanese garden and Japanese aesthetics
The Shrines of Ise have been celebrated as the prototype of Japanese architecture.* [201] Largely of wood,
traditional housing and many temple buildings see the
use of tatami mats and sliding doors that break down
the distinction between rooms and indoor and outdoor
space.* [202] Japanese sculpture, largely of wood, and
Japanese painting are among the oldest of the Japanese
arts, with early gurative paintings dating back to at least
300 BC. The history of Japanese painting exhibits syn12th-century illustrated handscroll of The Tale of Genji, a
thesis and competition between native Japanese aesthetNational Treasure
*
ics and adaptation of imported ideas. [203]
The interaction between Japanese and European art has
been signicant: for example ukiyo-e prints, which began to be exported in the 19th century in the movement
known as Japonism, had a signicant inuence on the
development of modern art in the West, most notably
on post-Impressionism.* [203] Famous ukiyo-e artists include Hokusai and Hiroshige. The fusion of traditional
woodblock printing and Western art led to the creation
of manga, a comic book format that is now popular
within and outside Japan.* [204] Manga-inuenced animation for television and lm is called anime. Japanesemade video game consoles have been popular since the
1980s.* [205]
9.2
Music
14
11
9.4
Cuisine
9.5
Sports
REFERENCES
10 See also
Tourism in Japan
Outline of Japan
Index of Japan-related articles
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[191] Ellington, Lucien (September 1, 2005). Japan Digest:
September 29, 2007. Retrieved January 5, 2007.
Japanese Education. Indiana University. Archived from
the original on April 27, 2006. Retrieved April 27, 2006.
[174] French, Howard (July 24, 2003). Insular Japan Needs,
but Resists, Immigration. The New York Times. Re[192] Ambasciata d'Italia a Tokio: Lo studio della lingua e della
trieved February 21, 2007.
cultura italiana in Giappone.
[175] (in Japanese). Ministry of
[193] Ellington, Lucien (December 1, 2003). Beyond the
Justice. Retrieved March 17, 2011.
Rhetoric: Essential Questions About Japanese Education
. Foreign Policy Research Institute. Retrieved April 1,
[176] 2012 saw record-high 2,545 people apply for refugee
2007.
status in Japan. Japan Times. March 20, 2013.
[194] School Education(PDF). MEXT. Retrieved March 2,
[177] Presidential Memorandum--Fiscal Year 2012 Refugee
2014.
Admissions Numbers and Authorizations of In-Country
Refugee Status. The White House. September 30, 2011. [195] TOP 100. Global Universities Ranking. 2009. Retrieved March 22, 2010.
[178] Strom, Stephanie (July 15, 1999). In Japan, Mired in
Recession, Suicides Soar. The New York Times. Re- [196] QS World University Rankings 2010. QS TopUniversities. 2010. Retrieved January 15, 2010.
trieved September 20, 2008.
[179] Lewis, Leo (June 19, 2008). Japan gripped by suicide [197] OECD's PISA survey shows some countries making signicant gains in learning outcomes. OECD. Retrieved
epidemic. The Times. Retrieved September 20, 2008.
January 16, 2011.
[180] Bare statistics mask human cost of Japan's high suicide
rate. Japan Today. March 31, 2010. Retrieved February [198] Rodwin, Victor. Health Care in Japan. New York
University. Retrieved March 10, 2007.
3, 2014.
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[181] Ozawa-de Silva, Chikako (December 2008).Too Lonely
to Die Alone: Internet Suicide Pacts and Existential Suffering in Japan. Cult Med Psychiatry 32 (4): 516551.
doi:10.1007/s11013-008-9108-0. PMID 18800195.
[200]
20
12 FURTHER READING
[202] Kazuo, Nishi; Kazuo, Hozumi (1995). What is Japanese [219] Culture and Daily Life. Embassy of Japan in the UK.
Architecture?: A Survey of Traditional Japanese ArchitecArchived from the original on March 17, 2007. Retrieved
ture with a List of Sites and a Map. Kodansha. ISBN 978March 27, 2007.
4-7700-1992-9.
[220] Olympic History in Japan. Japanese Olympic Com[203] Arrowsmith, Rupert Richard (2010). Modernism and the
mittee. Retrieved January 7, 2011.
Museum: Asian, African, and Pacic Art and the London
Avant-Garde. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19- [221] IOC selects Tokyo as host of 2020 Summer Olympic
959369-9.
Games
[204] A History of Manga. NMP International. Retrieved [222] rugbyworldcup.com. Retrieved November 1, 2013.
March 2, 2014.
[223] Nagata, Yoichi; Holway, John B. (1995).Japanese Base[205] Herman, Leonard; Horwitz, Jer; Kent, Steve; Miller,
ball. In Palmer, Pete. Total Baseball (4th ed.). Viking
Skyler (2002). The History of Video Games (PDF).
Press. p. 547.
GameSpot. Archived from the original on February 3,
2014. Retrieved April 1, 2007.
[224]Soccer as a Popular Sport: Putting Down Roots in Japan
(PDF). The Japan Forum. Retrieved April 1, 2007.
[206] Malm, William P. (2000). Traditional Japanese music
and musical instruments (New ed.). Kodansha Interna- [225] Previous FIFA World Cups. FIFA. Retrieved January
tional. pp. 3145. ISBN 978-4-7700-2395-7.
7, 2011.
[207] See for example, Olivier Messiaen, Sept haka (1962),
[226] Team Japan. Asian Football Confederation. Retrieved
(Olivier Messiaen: a research and information guide,
March 2, 2014.
Routledge, 2008, By Vincent Perez Benitez, page 67) and
(Messiaen the Theologian, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2010, [227] Japan edge USA for maiden title. FIFA. July 17, 2011.
page 243-65, By Andrew Shenton)
Retrieved July 17, 2011.
[208] Campion, Chris (August 22, 2005). J-Pop History.
[228] Varcoe, Fred.Japanese Golf Gets Friendly. Metropolis.
The Observer (London). Retrieved April 1, 2007.
Archived from the original on September 26, 2007. Retrieved April 1, 2007.
[209] Martinez, D.P., ed. (1998). The worlds of Japanese popular culture: gender, shifting boundaries and global cultures
(Repr. ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 76. ISBN [229] Clarke, Len. Japanese Omnibus: Sports. Metropolis. Archived from the original on September 26, 2007.
978-0-521-63729-9.
Retrieved April 1, 2007.
[210] Keene, Donald (2000). Seeds in the Heart: Japanese Literature from Earliest Times to the Late Sixteenth Century. [230] Hoop Dreams Yuta Tabuse,The Jordan of Japan"".
Consulate General of Japan in New York. December
Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11441-7.
2004 January 2005. Archived from the original on De[211] Asian Studies Conference, Japan (2000)". Meiji Gakuin
cember 3, 2010. Retrieved January 19, 2009.
University. Retrieved April 1, 2007.
[212] Windows on Asia Literature : Antiquity to Middle
Ages: Recent Past. Michigan State University. Archived
from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved December 28, 2007.
12 Further reading
Main article: Bibliography of Japanese history
Flath (2000). The Japanese Economy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-877503-2.
Henshall (2001). A History of Japan. Palgrave
Macmillan. ISBN 0-312-23370-1.
Iwabuchi (2002). Recentering Globalization: Popular Culture and Japanese Transnationalism. Duke
University Press. ISBN 0-8223-2891-7.
Jansen (2000). The Making of Modern Japan. Belknap. ISBN 0-674-00334-9.
Kato et al. (1997). A History of Japanese Literature: From the Man'Yoshu to Modern Times. Japan
Library. ISBN 1-873410-48-4.
21
Pilling, David (2014). Bending Adversity: Japan
and the Art of Survival. London: Allen Lane. ISBN
978-1-846-14546-9.
Samuels (2008). Securing Japan: Tokyo's Grand
Strategy and the Future of East Asia. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-7490-6.
Silverberg (2007). Erotic Grotesque Nonsense: The
Mass Culture of Japanese Modern Times. University
of California Press. ISBN 0-520-22273-3.
Sugimoto et al. (2003). An Introduction to Japanese
Society. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-52152925-5.
Taggart Murphy, R. (2014). Japan and the Shackles of the Past. Oxford and New York, NY: Oxford
University Press. ISBN 978-0-199-84598-9.
Varley (2000). Japanese Culture. University of
Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-2152-1.
13
External links
Government
Kantei.go.jp, ocial site of the Prime Minister of
Japan and His Cabinet
Kunaicho.go.jp, ocial site of the Imperial House
National Diet Library
Public Relations Oce
Tourism
Japan National Tourist Organization
Japan travel guide from Wikivoyage
General information
Japan entry at The World Factbook
Japan from UCB Libraries GovPubs
Japan at DMOZ
Japan prole from BBC News
Energy Prole for Japan from the US Energy Information Administration
Japan from the OECD
Key Development Forecasts for the Japan from
International Futures
22
14
14
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14.1
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Marek69, Schola64, West Brom 4ever, John254, Esemono, Java13690, Merbabu, Remort, Bluerfn, Stoshmaster, Havenstone, Alientraveller, Mnemeson, Plumcherry, Dagvadorj, Dfrg.msc, Nictius, Hcobb, Celldea, Dgies, CharlotteWebb, Therequiembellishere, Bethereds,
Whoda, Himawarichan, Tocino, TangentCube, Heroeswithmetaphors, MichaelMaggs, Okkakii, Sean William, Natalie Erin, Hsolimany,
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Freedom, Luna Santin, Obiwankenobi, Turlo Lomon, Neumannk, Revolutionary92, Yomangani, Kookoo114, Marzoregulus@yahoo.co.ph,
Mythologia, Prolog, Doc Tropics, Iyokan~enwiki, 17Drew, Regulusmarzo@hotmai.l.com, Chris25, Vic226, Sydlexic, Ejoty, Kwjdh1324,
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Gavinrew, Deective, Husond, Roman clef, Vip001, Felipe Menegaz, Barek, MER-C, BlindEagle, The Transhumanist, Luis wiki, Avaya1,
Samuel Webster, Arch dude, Tohru Honda13, Davespice, Hoplites, Honette, Objectiveye, Ipien, Hut 8.5, Airbreather, 100110100, Flying
tiger, HSL, Snowolfd4, PhilKnight, Badmintonboy, Rothorpe, Rdht, UAucklandLibr, Acroterion, DRHagen, Bunny-chan, Meeples, Magioladitis, Dragonaesthetics, Connormah, Lord fabs, FJM, VoABot II, Timanderso, Kwame Nkrumah, Ascom~enwiki, Dark Angel-REX,
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Recurring dreams, Thunderhead~enwiki, Critik~enwiki, AppleSay, Brionies~enwiki, Bleh999, Eiyuu Kou, Tasermon's Partner, SSZ, Mr.
D Vega, IkonicDeath, EagleFan, Haohao 1221, M3rrick, User86654, Westwind273, Bhsoul1, Teisei666, Joe routt, Adrian J. Hunter,
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Tulip19, Dkriegls, Death2her x, Jap Bizarre, Nowletsgo, TheRanger, Wayne Miller, Goodynotion, Tyrant Rex, Patstuart, AOEU, Stur-
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dygurdy, ScarredINSIDE999, SPD, Mannerheim2015, SquidSK, NatureA16, Yhinz17, JuNa, Stephenchou0722, Thedukeinjapan, FisherQueen, Ratherhaveaheart, Bob twinkle 1, Somethingoranother, Infrangible, STBot, Eternal Pink, Animehater1, Ebizur, Gasheadsteve,
DietLimeCola, Narrasawa, Adlerschlo, Jazz+, ANiMe4LiFe88, Shogunpk, ARC Gritt, Timothy Titus, El Krem, Robert25, Panarchy,
Roastytoast, WarDiplomat, BrAd!, Mschel, Sakuragi, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, DooshPumpkin, ASDFGH, Jaise, Patar knight, Shadowmuse, Harblbarbl56, PrestonH, Billyjoe1234567890, Tarafuku10, Thewallowmaker, Majer editer2, Smokizzy, Lilac Soul, Bansal, LedgendGamer, DreaMaker, Shawn1362, Tgeairn, RockMFR, Universally Speaking, Latouu, Tacojjandriley, Gnanapiti, J.delanoy, Junggoo,
DrKiernan, Trusilver, Ettiesnis, Gettystein, DarKnEs5 WaRr0r, JamesR, William2834, Adavidb, Joe.downey, UBeR, Numbo3, Goddessgurl, Tooooom, Nightshadow28, Ee jpx, Hans Dunkelberg, Ttwo, Paulhitthewall, Danielwashere92, Thaaaaaaylen, Mta~enwiki, Viorzon,
Eliz81, Zone101, KeepItClean, MIsogi, Noble75, Eraye1, Cheesebrain, WLW9002, 02hurnella, Mamyles, GAYS ARE DISGUSTING,
Tdktank59, Hyunsugeo, Ignis.jpn, G. Campbell, Acalamari, Aladin555, Qpdhfrgfruygfryu, Kingj123, Chimeraking, FrummerThanThou,
Dispenser, Jerked chicken, Jerked Pork, Bot-Schafter, Bronxboy205, Abbyhdabby, Flash-cop, Artemis123456789, Isaacbobguy, Sjharten,
Bconnor82, XFrenchAtHeartx, Bobobobobobobopa, Starnestommy, Esuqi, Zqd6, Samtheboy, MrErku, Jessah, Naniwako, Skier Dude,
RaGnaRoK SepHr0tH, Engunneer, Ferrett-oniichan, Coolxal, Gurchzilla, Paulbkirk, Bubble94, Mrg3105, RaptorRobot, RobertsonGlasgow, Laboewe, Smartandgeeky, Wiki1609, Plasticup, Hut 6.5, Darrendeng, Number1balla, NewEnglandYankee, Amorwuu, SJP,
Carewser, Flatterworld, Greeves, Student7, FJPB, Antisora, Madhava 1947, Yeaforme, DanglingModier, 2812, Purplehayz868, Shunshun, RogerVKint, Melinda wang, Mamin27, Markzhai, Marikaismeyay, Tweisbach, Jamesontai, Neomoon, 184658ah, Fatspikes, OneiroPhobia, Jjhcap99, Isida1028, Treisijs, Tiwonk, 10nn, AnnabelD, Busubi, Star80, 49danesway, Gtg204y, Heykoala, Madmofo69, Qwertypo, Smeogell1791, Andy Marchbanks, Plippilpplip, Blackwall310, Wikiment, S, KoreanShoriSenyou, Ammon86, Oirase, Marasamune,
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Albertc1990, GDonato, Miranda, Dchall1, Ann Stouter, Andrewrhchen, Stonagal, Gwinva, Johnnyvek, Supermetroid122, VinnyMcFly,
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Pker thief, ^demonBot2, Seb az86556, PDFbot, Sushiya, Wily wonka, Animeyay, Nicholas.goder, Lawrence H K, Whutes, Quindraco,
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Lewke eld, Huxley49, Bjil, Kanesue, Martarius, Sean1290, ClueBot, Robbiemun, Bwfrank, Sennen goroshi, RisingSunWiki, Kyoww, Mpdimitro, PipepBot, Mod.torrentrealm, SolidEdgeGuRu, Mateusiu, WikiSkeptic, Kotniski, Skwee, NoGringo, Techdawg667,
Dex1337, Pgecaj, Jnb845, Souso, Clinton Baptiste, Parkjunwung, Grawp~enwiki, Taroaldo, Ignorance is strength, Ukabia, Tyangarin, Der
Golem, JTBX, Stephaniemiller01, Elsweyn, Hafspajen, Luisztdt, Panapp, Axel8, Shannon bohle, Pekin Republican, Grandgrawper~enwiki,
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Madereugeneandrew, Mardenpb1, Geo0910, Notthe600, Darren23, Samantha555, Dragonman30564, AHRtbA==, Tezero, MelonBot,
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master 54, Older and ... well older, Tanhabot, Djsuess, Gsorley07, Wooram.uk, Dr.m 2099, Roadstaa, Ttsuchiya0491, Mnmazur, Download, CarsracBot, Este83, Toonlad9, Glass Sword, Debresser, Agomulka, LinkFA-Bot, Fireaxe888, TheFreeloader, Jayt55, Numbo3bot, Keds0, Berlinerzeitung, Vacekha, Tide rolls, Vanished user 38hfun34tunkewj4t, Snowsher123, Dctopboots, Moocowsrule, Jarble, JEN9841, CountryBot, Mozillaman425, HerculeBot, Cchow2, Waltloc, BlueMario1016, Bbisdo, Odder, ARUenergy, ,
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Thehelpfulbot, PublicLibrarian, Nuiop729, Lilelectrowade, George2001hi, FrescoBot, Cervelo21, , Fortdj33, Scoutstr295, Paine
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Ellsworth, Klobis, Gudo, Chronus, Tobby72, Csiew88, Seibun, Norville Rogers, Firekraag, CepterX, Bambuway, Roakr, Louperibot,
Kuzmaxster, Leeinipoh, Overclax, Citation bot 1, Neyagawa, AstaBOTh15, Pinethicket, Kim-Zhang-Hong, Oxana879, Elockid, Darrenmule, Azips, Rahlgd, Fat&Happy, Leewsb, EllieTea, MastiBot, Jaguar, SpaceFlight89, Nomi149, Phoenix7777, Columbia clipper,
Rlawldn94, Tbagger69, Jenifarhszsz, Mitt313, Ibugcutie, Nirinsanity, Nd24, Celyndel, Ouyuecheng, Lightlowemon, Brandonshim184,
FoxBot, Dsz4, TobeBot, PiRSquared17, Vinay84, DriveMySol, Lotje, , RoadTrain, Nobita.TW.Luo, Extra999, Begoon, Tadashie,
Canuckian89, Diannaa, Underlying lk, Trikemike, Horsemeister, Tbhotch, NederlandsNederlands, Helpspoke, Stephreef, M3chung, The
Utahraptor, RjwilmsiBot, Anycent, Chipmunkdavis, Generalboss3, Bento00, Vellidragon, Korpio8, NerdyScienceDude, Jimtaip, Polylepsis, Carsf, DASHBot, Tradartrd, Mevlt Kl, Kaiserble, EmausBot, Straatmeester, SuperDuy, Nima1024, WikitanvirBot, Swcfer, Ashton
29, Desertroad, Filipdr, JarredTheYoutuber2, Taurrem, Creatureinthesky, Distal24, Blizzardstep0, Britannic124, RA0808, Mesgul82,
Halfd, Bull Market, BaseballPie, Sp33dyphil, Slightsmile, Michaeltobbylee, P. S. F. Freitas, Yattum, The Blade of the Northern Lights,
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Raiolu, Zhenhaili000286, Luisfrois, Enopy, Bridgetansel, Futongrab, Calvin Lourdes He, Tyhlerb, Morgan Hauser, Kanon und wikipedia,
Gray eyes, Brandmeister, Kirothereaper, L Kensington, Icct Hedrix, Divaygoel, Jarjarbinks10, MAN3212, Japonfa, Hephatsheput, Erget2005, Gsarwa, Irrypride, 11evansj, Quite vivid blur, Heralder, Xiaoyu of Yuxi, MakmoudHassan, Lacobrigo, Martin david brown,
Rackas321, Kris159, Anonimski, Vzomg, ElockidAlternate, Khlee560~enwiki, Sheepy124, GermanJoe, Italiano111, Cesher, Ang15,
Australian cowboy, Hylian Auree, Czeror, Senator2029, Lguipontes, Newtrend19, , Estheroliver, Will Beback Auto,
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Seqqis, CsDix, The Awesome 10, Melonkelon, Joey.atienza, Lssrn, EvergreenFir, Dustin V. S., Supersaiyen312, Tresmegistus, Lindenhurst
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Anentai, Icarus the Great and Anonymous: 2469
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File:Flag_of_Singapore.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg License: Public domain Contributors: The drawing was based from http://app.www.sg/who/42/National-Flag.aspx. Colors from the book: (2001). The
National Symbols Kit. Singapore: Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts. pp. 5. ISBN 8880968010 Pantone 032 shade from
http://www.pantone.com/pages/pantone/colorfinder.aspx?c_id=13050 Original artist: Various
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Public domain Contributors: Ordinance Act of the Law concerning the National Flag of the Republic of Korea, Construction and color
guidelines (Russian/English) This site is not exist now.(2012.06.05) Original artist: Various
File:Flag_of_Thailand.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Zscout370
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Contributors: http://www.w3.org/ Original artist: entraneur: BEN KHALIFA WISSAM
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Contributors: Turkish Flag Law (Trk Bayra Kanunu), Law nr. 2893 of 22 September 1983. Text (in Turkish) at the website of the
Turkish Historical Society (Trk Tarih Kurumu) Original artist: David Benbennick (original author)
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SVG: 2010
Original artist:
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Vn%20bn%20php%20lut/View_Detail.aspx?ItemID=820 Original artist: Lu Ly v li theo ngun trn
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