FAR 131 BASIC PHYSIOLOGY

GROUP 9 MEMBERS:
ANIS FAZEERA BINTI AHMAD FUAD
KHOR JUU YEEI
MOHD ZULFIKAR BIN AHMAD FAUZI
NOR FADZLIN SAKINA BINTI JAFFERI
NUR MAHIRAH BINTI ABDUL MANAF
TAY SUE CHYEN
TENGKU NABILAH SURAYA

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Lung

Tube sys lead to the lungs

Conducting portion

Respiratory
portion
Respirat
ory
bronchiol
es
Mucosa identical to mucosa of terminal
bronchioles BUT numerous alveoli extend
from wall.
No goblet cell.

Provide
passageairlung
Cartila
ge

Elastic
fibre

Prevent collapselumen

L.propria(smooth muscle,elastic fibres)

At periphery Lamina
propria

Alveolar
ducts
Simple squamous epithelium.
Alveoli

Elastic fibreenable aveoliSac-like evagination.

expand(inspiration),contract(expiration).
Reticular fibre preventoverdistension & damage to capillaries.

Cleans
ed

Support wall

Ciliated cuboidal cell & clora cell

Alveolar sacs are disintended space

Condition
inspired air

flexibility

Dust and gaseous

impuritiestrap in:
-vibrissae(specialized
hair)

Flow chart

-layer of mucous(mucous
gland)
Smoot
h
muscl
e tube
Encircles

Moiste
d

Protect alveolar lining

from dessication

From tracheaalveolar
duct

O2,CO2 exchangedair&blood
Interalveolar septum(alveolar wall):
-2 thin squamous epithelium layer.
-Between layer(interstitium)
-Interstitium:
capillaries,CT(elastic,reticular fibre &
fibroblast)

Mucous & serous

secretion(moisten air)

warme
d

By a rich network of
capillaries.

RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
Leading

Lungs
System of tubes
to the lung

FUNCTIONS:
Provide an intake of O2
Eliminate CO2

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

CONDUCTING
PORTION

FUNCTIONS:
1)

Provide a conduct through which air

can travel to & from the lungs

Cartilage
~ support wall, preventing collapse of lumen
Elastic fibres
~ flexibility
~
Smooth muscle
~ contraction
reduce of conducting tubules
(regulate air flow during inspiration & expiration)

2) Condition the inspired air

(clean, moisten, warm)
Vibrissae
~ remove dust particles & other substance
Mucous & serous secretions
~ moisten incoming air, protect alveolar
lining from desiccation
Rich network of blood capillaries
~ warm in-coming air

RESPIRATORY EPITHELIUM
Line the mucosa of conducting portion
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar + goblet cells

5 TYPE OF CELLS:
1) Ciliated columnar cell
- Most abundant
- Each cells have about 300 cilia on its apical surface
- Beneath cilia are numerous mitochondria, supply ATP
for cilia beating.
2) Mucous goblet cell
- Next most abundant
- Apical cytoplasm contains mucin granules

RESPIRATORY EPITHELIUM
3)
-

Brush cell
Numerous microvillus on its apical surfaces
Are columnar epithelial cell
Have nerve ending on basal surface (sensory receptor)

4) Basal cells (short cells)

- Small rounded cell
- Lie on basal lamina but do not extend to luminal surface of
respiratory epithelium
- Generative stem cell that undergo mitosis and differentiate
to other cell types
5) Small granule cell
- Resemble basal cell except it contains numerous granules
- Granules control secretory activity of goblet cells and other
glands

TRACHEA
TRACHEA

~ extended from larynx

Layers of Tracheal Wall

MUCOSA
Consist of:
Pseudostratified ciliated
columnar epithelium
Lamina propia
-elastic & reticular fibers
-Provide same protection
against dust as the
membrane lining the nasal
cavity & larynx

SUBMUCOSA
Consist of:
Areolar
connective tissue
-Seromucous
glands & their
ducts

ADVENTITIA
Consist of:
Areolar connective tissue
-Joins the trachea to
sorrounding tissues.

HYALINE
CARTILAGE
From horizontal
ring that resembles
C-shaped.
Fxn: Provide
semirigid support so
that tracheal wall
does not collapsed
inward.
The open end s of
hyaline cartilage
bridged by smooth
muscle,trachealis
muscle, and
fibroelastic ligament

BRONCHIAL TREE
Trachea
Primary
bronchi
Secondary
bronchi
Bronchiole
s
Terminal
bronchioles

3 in right
lung
2 in left
lung

BRONCHI
BRONCHI
MUCOSA
structurally similar to trachea
Different in organization of cartilage & smooth
muscle
CARTILAGE
More irregular in shape
Large bronchi: cartilage rings completely encircle
the lumen
Bronchial diameter , cartilage rings replaced by
isolated plates/ islands of hyaline cartilage

BRONCHI
LAMINA PROPRIA
Smooth muscle layer: crisscrossing bundles of
spirally arranged smooth muscle
Rich in elastic fibres
Contains mucous & serous glands

BRONCHIOLES
Diameter 5mm
MUCOSA
No cartilage/glands
LAMINA PROPRIA
Consists mainly of smooth muscles & elastic fibers

BRONCHIOLES
EPITHELIUM
Large bronchioles
- have scattered goblet cells
- Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Smaller terminal bronchioles
- Ciliated simple columnar/ ciliated simple
cuboidal without goblet cell
- Epithelium contain Clara cells (apical cytoplasm
contains secretory granules protect the lining of
bronchioles against oxidative pollutants)

RESPIRATORY
PORTION

RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES
Each terminal branchiole subdivide into 2 or
more respiratory branchioles.
These branchioles serve as areas of transition
between conducting and respiratory portions.
Structure of mucosa is identical to mucosa of
terminal branchiole except that numerous
alveoli extend from the walls of respiratory
branchiole

RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES
Some parts of respiratory bronchiole are lined
with ciliated cuboidal cells and Clara cells
Goblet cells are absent
More distal parts of these bronchioles,the
cuboidal cells do not have cilia
Respiratory bronchioles terminate by branching
into several alveolar ducts.

ALVEOLAR DUCT
Thin-walled tubes, lined with simple squamous
epithelium
Lamina propria-smooth muscle and elastic fibres and
collagen fibres
Lead into numerous single
alveoli and alveolar sacs
Alveolar sacs are distended
space
Each space gives rise to several
alveoli

ALVEOLAR DUCT
Elastic and reticular fibres form a complex network
encircling the opening of alveolar sacs and alveoli.
Elastic fibres enable the alveoli to expand with
inspiration and to contract with expiration
Reticular fibre serve as a walls that prevents over
distention and damage to capillaries and thin alveolar
duct.

ALVEOLI

ALVEOLI
# Alveolar wall

structure

specialized to facilitate

diffusion
between external and internal
environment
lies between 2 neighbouring alveoli

interalveolar septum

called

interalveolar

epithelial layer

wall

between which lie

# Interstitium

have 2 thin squamous

the interstitium

capillaries
connective tissue

elastic fibers
reticular fibers
fibroblasts

ALVEOLI
# Blood air barrier

cytoplasm of the epithelial

cells
epithelial and

fused basal lamina of the

endothelial cells
cytoplasm of endothelial cell
thickness

0.1-1.5m

endothelial lining of the capillaries is

CONTINUOUS
DONT have fenestrae

ALVEOLAR EPITHELIUM

Consist of:
TYPE I CELLS

TYPE II CELLS

Squamous alveolar cells

Septal/ great alveolar cells

Extremely thin cells at alveolar surface

Scattered between type I cells

Make up 97% of alveolar surface

Found in groups (2,3 cells) along alveolar

surface

All have occluding junctions +

desmosomes => to prevent leakage of
tissue fluid into alveolar air space

Have more rounded shape, larger nucleus

and foamy cytoplasm(due to lamellar
bodies)

Organelle group around nuclei => reduce

thickness of blood-air barrier

Discharged content from lamellar bodies

spread and form thin layer on alveoli

Main role: provide barrier of minimum

thickness that is readily permeable to
gases.

This layer contain pulmonary surfactant

which reduce surface tension within alveoli
and prevent it to collapse during expiration
Divide by mitosis to replace their own
population and type I cells.

ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES

ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES
also called dust cell
Found in interalveolar septum and surface of
alveolus
Wonder freely on surface of alveolus
clean epithelial surface of inspired particles-by
phagocytosis
alveoli (ameoboid movement) bronchioles (via
mucus layer) pharynx (swallowed)
due to a/m, the respiratory part of lungs are
normally kept sterile

ALVEOLAR PORES

ALVEOLAR PORES
Interalveolar septum has pores (10-15m in
diameter) that connect neighbouring alveoli
These pores equalize air pressure in alveoli
Provide alternative routes for air movement
when there is obstruction

CONCLUSION

 Respiratory system consist of 2 parts:

(1)conducting portion
(2) respiratory portion
The bronchial tree system are:
Trachea

2 primary bronchi
secondary bronchi
[2 in left lung;3 in right lung]

respiratory
Bronchioles

terminal bronchioles

Alveoli duct

alveoli sac /aveoli

bronchioles

THE END