YUNIT II: ANIMALS AND PLANTS

CHAPTER 3: ANIMALS
Lesson 7: Classification of Animals According to Food Eaten
Adaptation change in structure, function or form to improve the chance of survival for
an animal or plant within a given environment
Adaptat
ion
Teeth

Body
Adaptat
ion

Others

HERBIVORES
(1)Low-crowned
teeth: herbivores
that feed on fruits
and soft plant parts or
herbaceous plants
(2)High-crowned
teeth: grass-eating
herbivores
(3)Mandibles
developed by
herbivore insects;
used for cutting &
snipping
(4)Incisors used for
tearing and chewing

Physical adaptation
enables them to
defend themselves
from carnivores
a. Horns
b. Strong hind
legs for running
and kicking
c. Big body size
and great
stamina
d. Heightened
senses
Chemical Adaptation:
- Release diff
enzymes in
digestive tract that
neutralize toxins in
plants (ex.
Tobacco
hornworm)
- High alkaline
content in
stomach to break

CARNIVORES
(Natural Predators)
(1)Sharp razor-like teeth
that are suitable for
piercing , cutting and
tearing flesh
(2)Some teeth capable
of breaking bones
(3)Used for puncturing
the vein of prey

OMNIVORES
(Ultimate Predators)
Designed for grinding
+ tearing

(1)Predatory birds have

telescopic eyes, sharp
claws/talons for
snatching prey while
flying
(2)Streamlined bodies
built for speed
(3)Sensitive hearing (ex.
Vultures)

Have excellent digestion;

digestive glands produce
both alkaline and acidic
substances
Acid used to
breakdown proteinrich food
Alkaline breaks
down protein in plants

Behavior Adaptation
- Carnivores hunt in
groups ex. Wolves
in packs; lions in
pride
- Hunting
coordination

down complex
protein in plants
especially in
hardwood
(Lepidopterans)

Lesson 8: Classifying Animals According to the presence of a Backbone

Vertebra backbone
CLASSIFICATION OF
ANIMALS

INVERTEBRATES

VERTEBRATES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1. Monotremes
2. Marsupials
3. Placental
Mammals
1.
2.
3.
4.

Poriferans
Cnidarians
Echinoderms
Mollusks
Worms
Arthropods

1. Jawless Fish
2. Cartilaginous
Sphenodontia
Crocodilia
Squamata
Tetsudinata

1.
2.
3.
4.

Fish

Anura
3. Bony Fish
Urodela
Apoda
Trachystoma

A. VERTEBRATES
1. MAMMALS
a. Characteristics
- Endothermic - warm-blooded; can generate and maintain proper
temperature
- Bodies covered with hair or fur
- Has Sebaceous Glands that secrete fat to prevent loss of too much body
heat and moisture
- Has Mammary Glands that produce milk during & after pregnancy
- There are only few venomous mammals, ex. Duck-billed platypus; few
species are insectivores
b. Classification
1. Monotremes
- Primitive egg-laying mammals
- Ex. Duck-billed platypus, spiny anteater and echidna
- Duck-billed Platypus can accurately point at any worm or insect in
the mud
2. Marsupial
- Mammals that give birth to off-spring at an extremely immature
state
- Females have pouches where the young feed, grow, sleep & hide
from predators
- Ex. Koala, Kangaroo, Numbat

3. Placental Mammal
- Mammals born at a more advance stage; while inside the womb,
the animals develop and are nourished through a placenta (organ
that temporary joins the mother & the fetus)
- Most mammals are placental mammals
c. Mammalian
Facts
Fastest Mammal Cheetah

Slowest Mammal Sloth

Biggest Mammal (biggest animal on earth) Blue Whale
Biggest Land Mammal African Elephant
Tallest Mammal Giraffe
Smallest Mammal Pygmy Shrew and Bumblebee Bat
Loudest Mammal Blue Whale; 2nd loudest Howler Monkey
Smallest Newborns marsupials (pouched mammals)
Smelliest Mammal striped skunk
Fat Blue Whale has thickest layer of blubber; Ringed-Seal Pups have
greatest percentage of fat (50%)

2. REPTILES
a. Characteristics
- Ectothermic cold-blooded; do not regulate body temperature
- skin covered with hard dry scales made up of water-resistant protein
(Keratin)
- most reptiles have three-chambered hearts; Alligators and crocodiles
have four-chambered hearts. This prevents oxygen-rich blood from
mixing with oxygen-poor blood.
- Egg-laying animals
b. Classification
1. Sphenodontia
- Only has ONE remaining specie, found in New
Zealand - Tuatara
- Used to be diverse during the Mesozoic Era; 100M
years ago

2. Crocodilia
- Includes crocodiles, alligators, gharials and
caimans
- Unique reptile due to 4-chambered heart
- One of the most efficient predators; survived
extinction
- Inhabit tropical and subtropical region
- Crocodile specie biggest; ave 20 FT
3. Squamata scaled reptiles
- Consists of lizards, snakes, and worm lizards species
o Viviparous develop their offspring w/n the mothers body
Ex. Common lizard found in Northern Eurasia
o Ovoviviparous develop offspring produce & hatch eggs w/in
their bodies
Ex. Slowworm or blind worm, adders and smooth snakes
2. Tetsudinatao Oviparous produce & hatch eggs outside their bodies
- Composed
Tortoise
and
Terrapins
species
- Used of
to Turtles,
be diverse
during
the
Mesozoic
Era; 100M years ago
- Marine turtles have flippers; land turtles have webbed toes
- Tortoise lives on land; one of the longest living animals on
earth

3. AMPHIBIANS
a. Characteristics
- Comes from the Greek, meaning Both Life; Lives in water and land
- Cold-blooded, has moist skin. Doesnt have scales, hair or feathers
- Female lay eggs in water; males release sperm in water; eggs are
fertilized outside of the body
- Life Cycle composed of 2 pats
(1)In Water
Tadpole lives in the water until it develops to be an adult
Initially has gills to breathe under water; eventually diminish
when respiratory system develops
(2)In Land
Tadpole goes to land when it loses its gills
Returns to the water to reproduce
b. Classification
1. Anura absence of tail
- Composed of frogs and toads
- Biggest order of amphibians with 4500 species
- With 4 legs; reproduce externally
o Frogs
has protruding eyes; webbed feet, long hind legs, short body,
no tail
carnivorous; feed on insects, worms, and arachnids
o Toad have thick leathery, dry skin vs frog: moist skin
2. Urodela or Order Caudata With visible tails
- Composed of Salamanders and Newts
o Only amphibians with tails and 4 legs of equal size
- This class includes Mud Eels and Sirens which as small
forelimbs and no hind limbs
2. Apoda often legless
- Includes Caecilians
- Has scales w/c make them look like large
worms
- Has eyes but are typically blind
- Look like snake but they are vertebreates

c. Trachystoma aquatic amphibians

4. BIRDS (AVES)
a. Characteristics
- Body covered with feathers ; bones are thin and hollow
- Has toothless horny beak
- Warm-blooded; Body temperature are generated and regulated internally
- 4-chambered heart
- Birds are believed to be close relative of reptiles

b. Orders / Classification
- Divided into 23 orders with 9702 species (2 nd largest vertebrate species)
- Passeriformes or perching birds - majority of birds belong to this order

Humming Bird smallest bird

Ostrich largest bird
Albatross largest flying bird; Andean Condor 2nd largest

5. FISH
a. Characteristics
- Most numerous vertebrate group; 28,100 species of fish
- Butanding (whale shark) biggest fish
- Have scales as body covering
- Limbs or appendages are modified into fins
- Bodies divided into 3 parts head, trunk, tail
b. Classification
1. Jawless Fish
- Considered as primitive form of fish; descended from
armored jaw fish
- Ex. Lamprey and Hagfish
- Lamprey delicacy in Maori Tribes; known as Tuna
Korokoro
- Hagfish or blind eels; feed on dead fish.
hermaphrodites
2. Cartilaginous Fish
- Includes sharks, skates, and rays
- Doesnt have true bones; instead have bones made up of
cartilage
- Covered with Placoid Scales
o modified teeth, covered with hard enamel
o gives fish skin a rough feel
3. Bony Fish
- Most dominant group of fish; regarded as true fish
- Have bony skeleton and a singular pair of external gills
- Reproduce through external fertilization
- Orange Roughy can live up to 100 years; longevity is due
to slow maturation process
- Ex. Milkfish (bangus), Sardinella (tamban), yellow tail fusilier
(dalagang bukid), Rabbit fish (danggit), flat fish (sapsap),
herring (tawilis)

1.
2.
3.
4.

B. INVERTEBRATES
Poriferans
Cnidarians
Echinoderms
Mollusks
a. Gastropods
b. Pelecypods

c. Cephalopods
d. Polycophora
e. Monoplacophora
5. Worms
a. Flatworms
b. Roundworms
c. Segmented Worms
6. Arthropods
a. Arachnids
b. Crustaceans
c. Myriapods
d. Insects
e.