Lecture 5

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Elasticity is the ability of material to restore its
shape or volume after load released

Plasticity is the ability of the material to change

its shape or volume after load released

Ductility is the ability of material to deform in

static tension without failure

Malleability is the ability of material to change

its shape under pressure without failure

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Brittleness is the ability of material to break
without noticeable change

Strength is the measure of the ability of material

to resist stresses

Stiffness
Stiffnes is the resistance of material to any
change in deflection

Toughness is the ability of the material to resist

the dynamic load

Hardness is the resistance of material to

penetration by another body

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Strain-
Strain-Stress Diagram
expresses a relationship
between a load applied to a
material and the material
deformation caused by the
load .

Strain-Stress Diagram is
determined by tensile test.
test

The specimen deformation

(strain
strain)
strain is the ratio of the
increase of the specimen
gauge length to its original
gauge length

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Stress, σ

Strain, ε

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Tensile stress (σ
σ) is the ratio of the tensile
load applied to the specimen to its original
cross-sectional area .

The stress value at the yield point is called

the limit of proportionality:
proportionality

E is a constant, known as Young’s

Young s Modulus
or Modulus of Elasticity.
Elasticity

The value of Young’s Modulus is

determined mainly by the nature of the
material
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Metals can be plastically deformed Process T / Tm
(worked) at room, warm, and high
temperature. Cold working < 0.3

Warm working 0.3 t0 0.5

Their workability depends largely on
whether deformation takes place
Hot working > 0.6
below or above the re-crystallization
temperature

• Deformation at room temperature (cold working), results in high

strength but reduced ductility of the metal.

• The effects of cold working can be revised by annealing the metal;

thereby allowing re-crystallization and grain growth to occur.

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Schematic illustration
of the effect of
recovery,
recrystallization, and
grain growth
on the mechanical
properties, shape and
size of grains

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 Heat treatment of a metal or alloy
It is a technological procedure, including controlled
heating and cooling operations.

Purpose of heat treatment

Changing the alloy microstructure and resulting in
achieving required properties.

Heat treatment Processes

Hardening

Annealing
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Heat Treatment
 When a metal is worked cold, the crystalline structure
becomes compacted and the metal becomes more prone to
splitting and cracking.

 To expand the crystal structure, metals should be heated.

Different metals require different temperatures and different
procedures.

 Some steels, usually those with a greater percentage of

carbon content, can be hardened by heating and cooling
rapidly. This makes the metal so hard that it is very brittle
and breaks so easily. So it may has no industrial application.

 The very hard steel can further be heat treated to make it

softer and thus more useful.
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Hardening
 The process of increasing the metal hardness, strength,
toughness, fatigue resistance.
 Hardening is done by heating metal and cooling it rapidly
(Quenching).
Annealing
 A heat treatment procedure involving heating the alloy and
holding it at a certain temperature (annealing temperature),
followed by controlled cooling.
 Annealing results in relief of internal stresses, softening,
chemical homogenizing and transformation of the grain
structure into more stable state.
Case hardening
gives dual structure, tough inner core and hard outer case
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