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ED 151 231
SE 024 042,
-AUTHOR
McMullen,
D.
Intermediate Chemical Precipitation Softening.
Training Module 2.216.3.77.
Department of Labor, Washington, D.C.; Iowa State
Dept. of Environmental Quality, Des ,Moines.
Sep 77
66p.; For related documents, see SE024 025-047;
Contains numerous light and broken type
TITLE
`SRONS AGENCY
PUB DATE
NOTE
EDRS PRICE
DESCRIPTORS
IDENTIFIERS
,
I.-
ABSTRACT
0.
************************44*******I********;***************************
Reproductions-suppljAd by Elm are the best that can be Sade
*
fKog,,the original document.
****ve***********************v****************************************
ti
U S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH,
EDUCATION & WELFARE
I NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF
EDUCATION
4P
Mary Jo Bruet
TO THE EDUCAT.LONAL RESOURCES
. .14
by
a
Dr. L. D. McMullen
Design Engineer
Des Moines dater- Works
Des Moines; Iowa 50309
0
September,'19'77'.
.4
ad.
-TABLE OF CONTENTS
,
thSTRUCTOR GUIDE
4
Abstract
Sumffary
I ntroOucti on
,2-3
-4 -5
Chemical; Feeds
6-8
9-10
, Design Evaluation
II.
J.
1121213-14
15-16'
lANSPARENCIES
Transparency #142
Sgifiening Reactions
Transparency #3
Recarbonation Reactions
Transparency #6-#7
Transparency #8-#9
Plant
Operating a Split Treatment Softening
Plant
Oerating a Single Stage Softening
Plant
Transparency #10
- .Laboratctry Control
Transparency ;#11
Transparency I-412
- safety
Transparency
Transparency
Transparency
Transparency
t13
- ,Nomograph for Converting MG/1 to, MEQ/1
#14
- Lime Feed #15 -- Soda sh Feeld
116
- carbo Dioxide
Transparency n7
Caldw
Diagram
Di agram
/
Transparency #23
Transparency #24
Transparency #25
4
-
III,
- Cherni
Transparency' #26
Transparency ..#27
-f-Spira
CLASS PROBLEMS
It
1/4
P rop 1 eni #1
Problem A2.
IV..
L.
CLASS- HANDQUT7----
EXAMINATION
51.
WA
4-
ji
so
INSTRU'CTP' GUIDE
`for.
Train
g Module II3ABWS'
ti
4
7
Page
Module No:
Module. Title:
..
.
.
Submodule Title:
of.
Topic:
11 hours
Summary
4.
ftener.
Inx.tructionl-Aids:
1.
Handout
2. ,Trahsparencies' #1-#27
InstriictR10474koach:
Discussion and ClaSs Problems
References:
2.
3.
4%
Class Assignments:
r
4
r
3
"Page
of
Aodule No:
II3ABWS
Insthcton Notes:
Instructor Outline
-41
1.
Distribute Handout
1.
2.
PreseRt Transparencies
2.
Give.evaltation of 30'questions.
1.
-4
k4
41.
Ct
Page-4
ilodule No:-
of
Module Title:
rntermediate Ch
Sumodulit Titfe:
II3ABWS
Approx. time:
Topic:
1 hour
'
IntroductiOn
4
.--
As
Instructional Aids:
L
1.
..
Handout-Introduction
Transparency #1-#2-SofOning reactions
Transparenicy #3-Recarbonation reactions
Transparency14-#5-Operating..a two stage softening plant\
TransparencyW6-#7=Operating a split 'treatm,ent softening plant
Transparency #8-#9-Operatingma single stag -softening plant
,
Transparency #10-Laboratory control
,..
Transparency #1T-Safety,
,
2.
3.
4.
5.
6:
7
8.
,---
Instructional Appfoach:
Disc4sion
References:
"Manual of Instruction for Water Treatment Plant Operators,'Health
.
Education Service.
2.
Manual of Water Utility Operations, Texas WaterUtility, Association.
3.
Water Supply & Treatment, National Lime'Assiiciation.
.
1.
Class Assignments:
1. ,,!The participant will read Handout-Introduction'.
l II
Page
'lodule No:
Topic:
LI3ABIOS.
Introduction
Instructorflotes:
Instructor Outliner
esent_Transparency A1-#2
\,_,.
p.
Present.TranspareneM445
Reiewthe operatio- n of
soffeningolant. Includ
of softgn#r.is.affected
XargrtaktA place:
two stage.
how each type
d what reactions
softening plant.
Intlude,show each.type of
softener,is 'affected and what reactions' are
taking
*
t-e
I0
4p,
4:
.0\
,.
.
Module NO:'
odule Title:
.
. ,
,-
'
Subm'crpuie' Title:
II3ABWS
Approx. :rime:
Topic:
.
3 hours '
\ A
Chemical Feeds
,
,
1.
'
2.
.
.
c
.
.
.
<
.
,
_
.
Instructional Aids:
.
.
),
1.
Lime feed
Soda Ash feed
Carbon Dioxide
Caldwell-Lawrence Diagram
2.
.
.
.-
Instructional Approach:
.
,
.
i...
.
--'\.
References:.
,,
1440.00...
Class Assignments:
The participant will:
1.
Read Handout-Chemical Feed
2.
Complete Problem #1-Chemical feed rates
-'
.
.
.
.
,
.
_
.
.,
Pgge
viodule.No:
I I3ABWS
of
Topic:
Chemical- Feeds-
Instructor Notes:
Instructor Outline:
t
1.
s,
2.
0.0
CO
2.0
r Ca
0.41
4.
,5b,
3.81
Na
1 Mg++1SO4=
HCO3
3,30
2).70
3.81
3.21
+t
0.0
.
c
.
10:
AW
CO
= (.2 +
. 4)
x 44 = Z6 mg/1
1.
-Page
Module No:
Topic:
I I 3AeWS
Chemical Feeds
InStructor Notes:
of
'
Instructor Outline:
4
,
11.
._)
4.3
3.5
.
CO 2
-Ca
4.6'
+2
HCO3
I-
SO
Mg
_2
+2
Na
Cr
4
.
.6
tALDWELC-LAWRENCE DIAGRAM
Lime = TOt mg/1 CaCO3
Soda Ash'. 90 mg/1 Na2CO3
4.
11
of
; Page 9
Module No:
Module
.A
Submbduie Titl:
II3ABWS
Approx. Time:
ti
3 hours,
DesignEvalpion
'1.
Instru'ciional Aids:
.
1.
2.
Instructional Approach:
..
References:
=
=
3.
Education Service.
,
Manual of Water Utility Operations, Texas Water' Utility. Association.
Water Supply & Treatment, Nationkl Lime Association.
4.
2.
.1;
Class Assigaepts:
1.
2.
12
r
I
Page 10
Aodule No:
II3ABVIS
InWuctor Notes:
1.
of
Instructor Outline:
2.
3.
2.
1.
12.0 min
(35 x 35 x 15)(7.5)(60)(24)
2,000,000 f
40 low, says 4 hours
.1
g2,000,000
(601(24)(192).
7.2 gpm/ft
1.1 gpdtft
Chemical-Gait
2.
Limecost
4:(150)(2.0)(8.34)(.017) = $42.53/day
'4[7
'Soda -agh
(27)(2.0)(8.34)(:0325) '=$14.09/d4
$79.14/day
or
1 3
$.04/1000 gals
Page 71
.:
'Module Title:
h.A,Module .No:
"-
of
-,
II3ABWS
..
4
f-
ApprOx.'Time:
.
.
Topic:
.
.
1 hour
jObjectives:
1.
2.
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
.
Ifistructional Aids:
Handout-Advanced Operation
Transparency #24- Advanced, Operation
1.
2.
,...
Instructional Approach:
Discussion
...
.
References
erences:
'T:
2.
*16
C.
Class Assignments:
. t
'
.
; 4
1.
.
.
14
.-,
'f
O.?
lodule No:
topic:
Ir3ABWS
Instructor Notes:
1.
Instructor0pine:
r\
.2.
a. Problems
Weduction of solids' formation
and sludge age. t
20igher turbidity carry-over
'1). Operation
1)Discontinue softening
2)Recycle more solids
3)Add. excess lime
41
d.
15
Page ,13
Module NO:
of
Module Title:
II3ABWS
Approx. Time:
Topic:.
'2 hour
Maintenance
Instructional Aids:'
I.
2.
3.
4.
4
.
.
Handout-Maintenance.
Transparency #25-Upflow Solids Contact Unit
Transparenty /26- Straight Lime Softening unit,
Transpa'rency #27-Spiractor Softening Unit.
Instructional Approach:
0
Dtscussi on''
References:
-,-
1,
2.
3,
Class,AsgIgnments:
1.
,,
'.
Page
Module No:113ABWS
14
Topic:
4,
Maintenance
Instructor Outline:
s.1
'Present Transparency
25
a)
General
1)
II
hemicai feed
lines
-2)
Cleaning -uarbeine,
3) ,Cleaning rake
b); Turbine
1)
'Adjustments
.2)
Lubrication
c) Me
f) -Ad3ustment
Lubrication.
2)
06
2.
Include:
General
1)
ClTaning weirs and chemical feed
lines
2)
C
b)-
c)
Cleaning.sludge collector
Flocculators
1)
Adjustments
2)
Lubrication
ludge,co13ctor
AdjustMent
21' Lubridatior
b)
General,
1)
Cleaning' weir1,and chemical feed
lines
Catalyst, feeder
'We
17
til
Page 15
Module No:
of
Modult Title:
Submodule
Appr@x; Time:.
Topic:
Evaluation
Objectives:
Instructional Aids:.
;Ft
None
Instructional' Approach:'
Examination
ti
References:
/A
None
4
3'
Class Assignments:
a
None
Page
Module No:
Topic:
A
II3ABWS
Evaluation
Instructor Notes:
1.
Instructor? Outline:
ti
-r
19
16
of
t..
TRANSPARENCIES
for
1.
4.
4.
<
SORBING REACTIWS
>
CO2 + CA(01-1)2
CARBON
DIOXIDE
(HCOr3) 2
LIME
LC I 1..16
+ tA(01-02
HATER
CALCIUM
CARBONATE
LIME'
CACO3i + .110
CARBONATE
ac03ir.
WATER
CALCIUM
.
,
CARBONATE
,
1...
IIGGICO3)2 + .2 CA(011)2
?,A0:7;11-1-
2 1.120
04.
'
SOS`
curr,
liACTIONS
C.
CAC03 Y +. NA2SO4
1A2C.03
"'t
.
LC I
Ul
CALCIUM
SODA
SULFATE
ASH
CARBONATE
SODIUM
SULFATE
t,
flAGNES I UM NONCARBONATE JIARDNESS,
)
CACO3+
'11A2CO3 + CA 011 12
11GSO1I
+,r62
flA2SO4
S0
2
a
lAGIA ES 1 1.11
SULFATE
SODA
ASH
LIME
CALCIUM
GNES1 UM
(DE,.
CARBONATE
St I UM
SULFATE
eSu
22
TRANSPARENCY
I 'Ail'
.
13-
-CARI61101 REACTIONS
I. <CESS HYDROXIDE
2 OH
HYDROXIDE
ION
CARBONIC
ACID'
CARBONATE
ION
WATER
S.
10
CALCIUM CARBONATE,
2 CAC03+112C037-->2 CA(HCO3)2
CALCIUM
CARBONATE
LCIUM
BONIC
HCID
.BICARBONATE
ftwerr
GNESIUM,HYDROXIDE
MAGI ESILII.
HYD XIDE
CARBON IC
CID
MAGNESIUM
BICARBONATE
WATER
.
,23
TRANSPARENCY
II
rr
a
R.
I17)APII!',
NO STAGE SOFTENING
DA
LiriE
FETISH
RAW
ERATI ON
RECARBONA':
WATER
ECOND
FILTERS
TAGE
T I ON
STAGEFIRST
C2
'
'
.7
TRANSPARENCY
24
A
-4
E
1:;11"./:'
25
r-
1110
1,
FIRST'STAGE-
AIR ;TAQE
PH OF, THE SECOND STAGE SHOULD B 'APPROXIMATELY 10 TO
OBTAIN OPTIMUM CALCIUM REMOVAL.
B)
C)
D)
.9,
f.
.-
2(11
SP
1
ENCY
SPLITtEATMENTSOFTENING.
DA
LIME
.
'RAW
ERAT I ON
-n
HASH
te-0.
FIRST
STAGE
WATER
RgCARBONATION
SECOND
STAGE
FILTERS
.
0
-1VU&ARENCY 117'7F,
4Ib
2,
SECOND STAGE
si
LIME
FINISHED
AERATION
SINGLE
'/,_..,",- STAGE
...
DA
FILTERS
RECARBONATION
---,WATER
..
c02
H
1
i.
,.
1
1.
30
N
.3
-,TRANSPARENCY 1.13T'.'S
I.
i'8
,MINNIKEIIMwamen.VIDILMONIeacatalMs.
.
(
SINGLE STAGE SCA-117,11116
'1,
SINGLE STAGE
A)
C)
31
I
TRANSPARENCY
I I3API:la
LABORATORY CO1TROL
A.
PHYSICAL
1,,
TEMPERATURE
2,__TuRBIDITt
1.5% *CHEMICAL,
1.
ALKALINITY
2.
3.
4.
PH
5.
6.
01,0
32
RANSPARENCY MAWS - 4in
,
'Pt,
ELECTRICAL SAFETY
1.
'
C.
EYE PROTECTION
3.
3.3
TRANSPARENCY II114.,S
FREE
CALCIU
CARBON
(CA)
DIOXIDE:.
(CO2)
BICARBONATE
SULFATES
ALL OTHERS
(11CO3)
(SOS,)
MILLIEOUIVALENTS
'10FOIM FOP
L TO rE
/L
e
Me/1
4r
Na NO3,
Na
3000
C (N 03) 7
30
C (HC0,02
Mt (NO3)
kig(HCO3)
20
warsoa
ca $cts--
4 lot so,
IWO
IS
700
600
500
10
900
800
- No,
H C7
Ni CI
ca cl 2
-.
9
8
7
400
300
Mg CI
6
5
200
390
80
- cl
70
60
50
CO3
40
30
-Fe
20
-Na
10
9
0.
0
0.7
0.6
05
8
7
6
5
2
.0.1
0.0
.411
008
0.07
CHARLES P HOOVER AND MERRILL L. RIEHL
WATER SOFTENING AND FILTRATION PLANT
coumus, OHIO
0.06
0.5
).
35
MANSPARRICY
11:3
0.
11% IrSA,CE
t.
..c
,,
4:
(LAO)
,.
,-;
.01
3
,
!V S9 1 iOSA6E.
0.1
GIA2CO3)
%Imm=mmf
.
TRANSPARENCY- 11311311S
/115
go,
G4
.I
^J tiIOXIDEJOSAGE
38
A
CARIONATE (ME
/0 )
-J.
AA,
r,
TRANSPARENCY 113.1\B"S
MOM
Ma"' illiMIA
it
ffisommiontanyr
Al
'
A
,A
/04 ocacciur
roppm cooco 3 .0
1
VW"
46.714k44
F,
aaa82
L6111P
1-
A;
WOVIIP#Vrip. op
wreforvogip_
0,00
IP,
V Vr 111/
pw-
400 p
.14
14- 17
NitifogiritAritorvitil*.
4440106010PAPO
k.;14t: 1174100
latiOilied4.10100410 4t004.10., 104
Vt
140
"*114/4 er
4tM
OrPPOIMP.1101%
0101101, 00000100,
al
am
tperottilreifittgoikiveme000,411atiwwdigip
::
gill11fre417166PAMII401
NO1515110.1100000111110.
tita
oroa
ILE
0100.4111.i
Ail
a
in:
11111111111111
1
SWAN
wwwi.ill 1009Pid01'1.L
-
:"4.kkl'vAtro'fril
Nkih
Or
II
NM
'
.1
111.
2"
I.
a.
Equipment
b.
c.
4.1.3 Flocculation,
..
e.
Basin design
and destructiT
floc. A drain or pumps shall be provided to handle
dewatering
and sludge
removal.
of
b.
'
c.
e.
,)",(0;
4.1.4 Sedimentation
-Et
...
...
+O.
40
TwspARENcy- TI39.1s
#13
6.11marin
(cofrri NUM)
b.
c.
o
d.
Inlet devices
gallons per day per foot of weir length. Where submerged orifices are used as an
alternate for over-flow weirs, tlie-shOuld not be lower than three feet below the
flow line with flow rates equivalent to weir loadings.
e.
-a
Velocity The velocity through settling basins shall not exceed 0.5 feet per minute.
The basins must be designed to minimize shortcircuiting.,Baffles must be provided
as necessary.
31.
Overflows An overflow weir (or pipe) should be installed which will establish the
maximum water level desifed on top of 'the filters. ft shall discharge with a free fall
at a location where the discharge all be noted.
g.
h.
1.
'Sludge collection
i.
Orainage
Flushing lines - Flushing limes or hydrants shall be provided and must be equipped
with *ackflow prevention devices acceptable 4o the reviewing authority.
Safety - Permanent ladders or handholds should be provided on:the, inside walls of
basins above the' water level. Guard rails should be included.
I.
sludge. (see Section 4.11). Provisions shall be made for *the operator to observe or
sample sludge being withdrawn from the unit.
--.-
Units are acceptable for combined softening and clarification where water
characteristics
are'not variable and flow reties are uniform. Before such units are considered
as clarifiers
without softening, specific, approval of the reviewing authority shall be obtained.
Clarifiers
should be/designed for the maximum uniform rate and should be adjustable
to changes in
flow whiclizisri less- 11111*.adte. design rate and for changes in
-water characteristics. A
roiniman of two units are required for surface water treatment.'
.1
TRANSPARDICc1;131T11
-*:"19
c ATFC
AP
(tom-imuED)
4.1.5.1 Installation of equipment
Supervision by a representative of the manufacturer shall
be provided with regard to
at1 rpethanical
a.
installation, and
b.
initial operation.
dr
a.
b.
c.
shall
be applied
at
such
insure
44.1.5.4 Mixing
and
b:
4.1.5.5 Flocculation
Flocculation equipment
a.
b.
c.
42
RANSPAREMCY n3:T-11../S
P.20
TEN STATESSITiTYlk'
SI'
(coKupyED)
4.1.5,6 Sludge concentrators
7.,
sludge -:.pipes shall not be less than three inches in diameter and so arranged
c.
d.
the operator may observe and sample sludge being withdrawn from the unit.
4.1.5.8 Cross-connections
,Z2
5.
as
Blow-off outlets and drains must terminate and, dischailje at places satisfactory
to the reviewing authoritY.
Cros-connection confrol must be included for the potable water lines used to
backflush sludge lines.
The dc:tention time shalt be established on the basis of the raw water characteristics
and other local scanditions that affect the operation of the unit. Based on design
flow_rates, the detention time should be
a.
four .hours for suspended solids contactclarifiers and softeners treating surface
water, and
b.
one hour for ?he suspended solids contact softeners treating only groundwater..
Softening units should be designed so that continuous slurry sencentratPs of:one per
cent or more, by weight, can be satisfactorily maintained.
4.1.5.11 Water losses
qti
a.
4.4 3.
TRA;JSPARENCY
.T.130.11S .:P21
T7:21,STk
STAII1
9S
(corrrihian)
b.
c.
1.
2.
1.
2.
b.
10 gallons per hiinute per foot of weir length for units used
for
clarifiers,
2.
20 gallons per minute per foot of weir length for units used for
softeners.-
c.
Where oriftcl are used the loading per foot of launder should be equivalent
to
weir loadings. Either shall produ''_ce viform rising rates over the entire
area of
The tank,
4.1.5.13 Upflow rates
a
a.
1.0 gallon' per minute per square foot of area at the sludge separation
line for
units used for clarifiers,
b:
1.75 gallonir per minute per squire foot of area at the slurry separation line,
for units used for softeners.
:4
TRANSPARENCY
I3.Aats
lry?
r
COSTS = (DOSAGE IN MG/E) X (MILLION GcLLONS TREATED) X 034) XY.HE
TRANSPARENCY
rfr
94
ADVANCED OPERATION
B.
,
2.
3.
HARDNESS
STRAIqHT LIVE
"SPIRACTOR"
UPFLOW SOLIDS CONTACT UNIT
o.
Cr
TRANSPARENCY 11391S
P94
Drive Mechanism
-
Wolkwoy
Radial Launder
Le- Effluent` Pipe
Turbine
a.
,Boffle
Chemical
Shaft
e Feed
Influent
Cone
-411.1.--
Doc
O.
Sludge Pipe
O (4 c,
.
.
Rake
0 0 a c: 0 0
RiserZone
2 Pfimary Reaition
3 Secondary Reaction Zone.
.4 Chiiification Zo/4
5 Sludge Blanket and Thickening one
RANSPARENCY
co=1....Itlrgair- .11011=111
....**4.....c..rammowmnamosexassmaleslowmattaw
Wt.
FEED PIPE
SH MIXER
CHAMBER
1--.
FLOW
CLARIFIER
t
i
ht8
.
DRIVE UNIT
WEIR
r a,kv
'"--1
--iv
CHAIN AND
'SPROCKETS
CAGE BLADE
ORK.WELL
- WALKWAY
PADDLE SHOT
ar
PADDLE
BAFFLES; -,
41g.
Su
CHANNEL
Pfi
DRIVE UNIT
DUDES
RAKE ARM
EFFLUENT
INFLUENT PIPE
CORNER BLADE
-.:.
. VIDE PLATE
BEARINGS"
PUN
DIFFUSER
HANDRAIL
TOP. OF TANK-V
TURNTABLE
CENTER COLUMN i
LEVEL
CONCRETE PIER
'
SLUDGE
.
iptysa-
DISCHARGE PIPE
cAG E
I NFLUENT PIPE
SECTIONAL ELEVATION
RANSPARENCY
j I3'B!S
;126
4;
"SPIRIVIIT" SOFTET.11
WATER
UNE
PERMUTIT SAMPLER
SPIRAEIT;R
SOFT
WATfR
OUTLET
SAI=En *IC
RAW
WATER
INLET
UK SLAKING YANK
e0.
-MOTOR DRIVEN -
RATE OF FLOW
CONTROLLER
'01
OVERFLOW)
"*".-
SLOW SPEED
AGITATOR
WATER SUPPLY
a*,
LIME
PUMP
SUPPLY
LIME
WATER
SUPPLY
PUMP
TANK
CATALYST
CHARGRIG
HOPPER,
MOTOR DRIVEN
SLOW SPEED
mil .e.#4;frzesarzli#
AGITATOR '
AUXILIARY
CHEMICAL
TANK
DRAINER
DRAIN
PRESSURE
WATER
'SUPPLY
WASTE CATALYST
TO SEDIMENT PIT
SUMP
11
DRAIN
4.9
RAMPARENCY I 13q3/.IS
1.27
CLASS PROBLEM #1
1.
p H=
Sketth a me /1
7.4'
.
41,
2.
3.
4
4. -Calculate the carbon diOxide requirements. lifsume carbon4e is 40 mg/I
as CaCO and OH is 10 mg/1 as CaCO3.
3
5.
DeteAdne the lime, soda ash, and carbon dibxide requirements to soften
.the following water.
= 6.,9 mg/1
Alk
CLASS PROBLEM P2
\
A chemical precipitation uPflow,softener Etas been experiencing operational
prOblems.
It is thought that it is possibly currently overloaded. _Ev
he design.
2.
3.
Flocc Zone
4.
Flow - 2mgd
2260 ft
01 Lime = $34.00/ton
Soda Ash = Z.00/100 lb.
.Carbon -Dioxide = $3.25/lb
ti on 1---if--the-water
I: Introduction
A.
By
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
II.
Softening ReaCtions
Recarbonation Reactions
Chemical Feeds
A. Water Quality Bar Diagram
1. General
Cations
et,
Anions/7
Ca
Na+
sivtg
CO2
HCO3
SO4
milliequivalents
2.
]/1 to men.
(See-Figure 1)
B.
Lime Requirements
L'ime,Dosage
/1)
x 53
(NO2CO3)
D.
54
4,1 CLARIFICATION
Plantt designed for processing surface water shall
a.
provide a minimum of two units each for rapid mix, flocculation and sedimentation,
b.
c.
be. constructed to permit units to be taken out rif service without disrupting operation,
and with drains or pumps sized.to allow dewatering in a reasonable period of time,
d.
e.
4.1.1 Presedimentation
Waters containing high turbidity may require pretreatment, usually sedimentation, either
with or without the addition of coagulation chemiCals.
)
a.
%,vith continuous mechanical sludge -removal .:apparatus, and provide arrangements for
dewatering.
Inlet -, Incoming water shall be dispersed across the full width of the line of travel
b.,
d.
',
7
Chemical
a.
b.
c:
t
,
ji
g_
Flocculation
Flocculation shall/mean the agitation of water at low velocities' for long periods of time.
a:
Basin design - Inlet -and outlet design shall prevent- Short-circuiting and destruction
of floc. A drain or pumps shall be provided_ to handle dewatering and slutge.
b.
Detentibn - The flowthrough velocity shall not be less than 0.5 nor greater than 1.5'
feet per minute with a detention t me for floc formation of at least 30 minutes.
%
c.
d.-
Equipment - Agitators shall be driven by variable speed drives with the peripheral
speed of paddles ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 feet per. second.
Piping
The velocitliof flocculated water through pipes or conduits to settling basins shall
not be less than 0.5 nor greater than 1.5 feet per second. AllOwances'mtist be made
to minimize turbulence at bends and changes in direction.
e.
Other designs - Baffling may be used to provide for flocculation in small ;plants only
after consultation with the reviewing authority. The design should be such that the
velocities and flows noted above will be maintained.
f.
--
4.1.4 Sedimentation
Sedimentation shall follow flocculation. The detention time for effective clarification is
dependent upon a number of factors related to basin design and the nature .1of the raw
water:The following criteria apply to conventional' sediMentation units:
4,
Detention time - Detention shall provide a minimum of fouri hburs of settling time.
..2
This may -be reduced to two hours for limesoda Softening, facilities treating only
a.
0
groundwater.
. -...
...
.....,
/
4
1"
'
Inlet devices -I Inlets shall ..be designed to distribute the `water eqtially and at
Uniform velocities. Open ports, submerged ports, and similar' entranpe arrangements,
are required, A, baffle should be. constructed across the basin close to theinlet end
and should giroject Several feet below the water surface to iziissipate inlet' velocities
I
*
...
i
and provide uniform flows accross the basin.
i
-Outlet devices J Outlet devices shall be designed o maintain itocities suitable for
settling in the basin and to-minimize short-circuiting.. The use of submerged orifices
ie recommended in..,order to provide -a volume above the orifices for storage when
there are fluctuations in floW.
;
1
,1
s_
t
4.1.4 Sedimentation (cont'di
Overflow rate - The rate of flow over the outlet weir shall not eJxceed 20,000
gallons per day per foot of weir :length. Where submerged orifices are used as an
d.
alternate for over-flow weirs, they should not be lower than three feet berm the
flow line with flow rates equivalent to weir loadings.
ti
Velocity The velocity through settling basins shall not exceed 0.5 fe* per minute.
The basins must be designed to minimize short-circuiting. Baffles must be provided
e.
as necessary.
f.
Overflow - An overflow weir (or pipe) should be installed which will establish the
maximum water level 'desired on top of the filters. It shall discharge with a free fall
at a location where the discharge will be noted.
g.
h.
i.
Drainage
should
slope
Flushing lines - FlOshing lines or hydrants shall be provided and must'be equipped
with backflow prevention devices acceptable to the reviewing-,authority.
3/4.
s
Sludge disposal -' F3cilities are required by the reviewing authority for disposal' of
I.;
sludge.: (see Sectibnf 4.11). Provisions shall be made for the operator to observe or
sample sludge .being .withdrawn from the unit.
C
fp.
4
4
1
1
flow which are less thin the design -rate and for changes in water characteristics. A
minimum of two units are required for surface water treatment.
f
installation; and
b.
initial operation.
b.
c.
adequate
piping
t4:)S
Chemicals
4.1.5.4 Mixing
A rapid mix device or chamber ahead of the solids contact units m9y be required
by the reviewing authority to assure proper mixing of the chemicals applied. Mixihg
devices employed shall be so constructed as fo
)
a,
provide good 'mixing of the raw water witii previously-formed sludge particles,
and
4.1.5.5 Flocculation
Flocculation equipment
'1
a.'
b.
c.
32
a.
sludge pipes shall not be less thaw three inches in diameter and so arranged as
to facilitate cleaning,
c.
d.
the operator may observe and sample sludge being withdrawn from the unit.
4.1:5.8 Cross-connections
a.
b;
'
f Blowoff 'outlets and drains must terminate and discharge at places satisfactory
to the reviewing authority.
Cross-connection control must be included for the potable water lines used to
t,
The detention time shalt be established on the basis of the raw water characteristics
and other local conditions that affect the operation of the unit. (3as l on design
flow rates, the detention time should be
a.
four hours for suspended solids contact clarifiers and softeners treating surface
40water, and
b.
...
l.
]
Softening units should be designed so that continuous, slurry concentrates of one per
cent or more, by weight, can be satisfactorily maintained.
I
tf
$6
4.14.1) /W-;;;;')
(cont'd.)
.
4
2:
1.
2.
The units should be equipped with either overflow weirs or orifices constructed so
that water at the surfacejof the unit does not travel over 10 feet horizontally to
the collection trougb--,,e4
a.
the tank.'
;1..,
b.
10 gallon
per minute per foot of ,weir length for units used for
clarifiers,
2.
length for
softeners.
(
c.
Where orifices are used the loading per foot of launder should be equivalent to
weir loaf)ings. Either shall produce uniform rising rates over the eritire area of
the tank.
a.
1.0 gallon per minute per square foot of area at thesludge separation line for
units used for clarifiers,
b.
1.7k gallons per minute per square foot of area at the slurry separation line,
for units used for softeners.
41;
clarification must include pilot plant and/or full scale demonstration satisfadtory to the
revirking authority prior 'to the preparation of final plans and specifications for approval.
vt
IV.
Advanced Operation
A.
Softening Sludge Slurry
1.
Straight Line
2.
"Spiractor"
3.
Upflow Solids Contact Unit
B. Low Hardness
1.
2.
3.
V.
Straight Line
"Spiractor"
Upflow Solids Contact Unit
Maintenance
A.
Upflow Solids Contact ynit
1:
General.
2.
Turbine
3.
Rake
1.
B.
Straight Line
1.
General
2.
Flocculators
3.
Sludge Collector
C.
"Spiractor"
1.
General
2.
Catalyst Feeder
'
Men
MO /1
COMPOUND
N3 NO3--_._
3000
30
Ca(40,3)55e
-",
Ca 042.03)
Me1,10312
20
-mg OCI)3W
P92504
$04
mg
Ox
WOO
15
700
600
500
10
900
800
_NO3
03
Na
Ca
9
B
400
Ca CO3
ALK.
mgC12
504
300
6
5
200
0
100
90
- Cl
BO
70
60
50
40
-CO3
30
- Fe
20
a
10
9
Ca
OS
0
ti
5
4
03
3
2
0.1
Mg
00
048
- ,
CHARLE
0.07
0.06
NCOVER AND MERRILL L. RIENL
Y.:SLRNINC
0.5
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EXAMINATIii
for
Ir
ti
't
64
O
Examinati
In c
1.
as
2.
3.
hardness.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Kier
molesof lime-44a0-Mole of
calcium.
5.
For the following water, what will be the lime and sod'a 1 sagesto
soften the water.
CO2 = 20 mg/1
++
Ca
= 30 m9/1
++
Mg
= 40 mg/1
pH = 7.2
.
.
,
.
.0
If lime costs $34. 0/ton, sodg ash $5.00/100/1b.and c rbon dioxide $3.25/1b.
what will 'be the .c st to treat 1 million gallons of w tOr in problem W5!.
.
or .F
.,
1.
r.
,.
or
F
,
T, or
10.
1
f
1
es Standards '
'
,
.
rorF
11.
...-
.
.1
or
-.
12.
.,
'or
13.
,Upflow solids contact units canfte operated at a higher hydt,,aulic loading when used for softening than when used for coagulation.
or
14.
AP'
.,,
or
or
F '16.
or
15,
17,
'
-;
.;
J
.=,