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1) Evolutionary development of
flora
Coal is rare in sedimentary rocks older than
Devonian in age
Early Devonian: evolution of herbaceous plants
Late Carboniferous: luxuriant and diverse
swamps developed in N. hemisphere
Diversity has increased through time
Types of organic-rich
sediments
Coal (terrestrial or marginal
marine): > 50% by wt. or > 70% by vol. organic
carbon
I. COAL
How formed?
2) Climate
Climate controls the rate of plant growth, type of
plant growth and decomposition rates
These factors are all important in determining
whether or not peat will form
Warm, wet tropical and subtropical climates - most
favourable for peat accumulation (e.g. Florida; south
Carolina)
Coal seams and peat can accumulate wherever the
rates of accumulation are greater than decomposition
3) Depositional environment
(II)
3) Depositional environment
(III)
coal
siltstone
sandstone
Tertiary Eureka
Sound Group coal
seams, southern
Ellesmere Island.
Note finingupward,
meandering fluvial
depositional
succession, capped
by coal seam.
Fining-upward
succession
TYPES OF COAL
Sapropelic: two variations
- cannel coal: rich in spores
- boghead coal: rich in algal remains
Humic:
- predominantly woody material
- stratified and heterogeneous
B=fluorescing Botryococcus
alginite (a kind of
liptinite- nonmarine);
I=inertinite (nonfluorescing)
1) Enhanced bioproductivity
2) Enhanced preservation of organic
matter (anoxia)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Sedimentation rate
Organic matter type
Rate of transport to site of deposition
Sediment particle size
1) Enhanced bioproductivity
!
!
TYPE II KEROGEN
Blue-green-fluorescing
dinoflagellates (D) and
yellow-fluorescing
alginite (A) (two kinds of
liptinite)
Yellow-fluorescing
alginite
Figure 1
1 0 ' s to 1 0 0 's o f m
A
Water column is well-oxygenated
B
Amorphous OM
Inertinite
(Type IV)
Coccolith-dominated OM
1 0 's to 1 0 0 's o f m
C
More organic matter escapes scavengers
Bottom water is anoxic
Few bottom-dwelling organisms to scavenge organic matter
oxic
anoxic
Figure 3
I
OSTRACODE
ZONE
800
700
II
HI
600
500
400
300
200
III
100
0
0
IV
50
OI
100
150
Hydrogen Index
(HI) vs. Oxygen
Index (OI)
diagram for the
Lower Cretaceous
Ostracode Zone,
showing kerogen
evolution
pathways for
kerogen types I,
a b o u t 1 k il o m e tr e
900
1000
II, III, IV
= sand
grains
in the rock
oil-filled
pores
1 -1 0 m m
Figure 5
1 0 0 's t o 1 0 0 0 ' s o f m e tr e s
water-filled
pores
Oil accumulation
Im p
ea b
e rm
e
le s
oc
al r
Mature hydrocarbon
source rock
HYDROCARBON SOURCE
ROCKS IN ALBERTA
A few examples
Figure 6
Lower Black
Shale Mbr.,
Exshaw Fm.
Palliser Fm.
Active Source
Rocks
Colorado Group
Ostracode Zone
Fernie
"Nordegg"
Doig "Phosphate"
P-T
boundary
Llama
Mbr.
Upper Cretaceous
Whistler
Mbr.
Lower Cretaceous
Jurassic
Vega-Phroso
Mbr.
Permian
Fantasque Fm.
Triassic
Permian
Exshaw
Duvernay
Keg River
Mississippian
Upper Devonian
Middle Devonian
Other
0.00
500.00
1000.00
1500.00
2000.00
2500.00
3000.00
FORMATION OF OIL
SUMMARY