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Polymerization
ATRP and RAFT Processes
1
Nitroxide (SFR) Controlled Radical Polymerizations
Scope and Limitations
Controllable Monomers
Styrene, Butadiene, Methyl Methacrylate, Styrene Sulfonate(Aq)
Problem Monomers
Alkyl Acrylates, Vinyl Acetate, Vinyl Chloride
Initiator Structure
Initiator formed in situ using commercial initiators
SFR adduct can be introduced to preformed structures including
dendrimers, functionalized polymers and telechelics
Useful Additives
Camphorsulfonic acid - deactivates styrene dimer
2. Disulfides
. .S
P + S S P S +
X X X
S S
X X
CH3 S
N C S CH3
CH3 S C N
CH3
S
2
Dithiauram Chain Transfer Process
P
. CH3 S S
P + N C S CH3 CH3
CH3 S C N N C. S CH3
CH3 CH3 S C N
S CH3
S
P P
CH3 S S
N C. S CH3 H3C . CH3
CH3 S C N N C + S C N
CH3 S CH3
S H3C S
H3C CH3
N C S S C N
H3C CH3
S S
Otsu, et. al. Makromol. Chem., Rapid Commun., 1982. 3: 127-132; 133-
140.
CH3 S
CH3
N C S CH2 CH S C N
CH3 CH3
S
3
Generic RAFT Agent
4
Apparent Chain Transfer Constants
• Impact of R substituents on reactivity
CH3
S S C
CH3
Ph
5
Star Polystyrene Synthesis
O S
C O S S Ph 4
styrene, 110 C
O S Ph
C O S S n Ph
4
Addition/fragmentation
S
Ph Ph
S S +
Ph
n Ph
Ph Ph
2
n Ph
Ph Ph
n Ph 2
+ Disproportionation
RI and LS detectors
Using UV detector, no shoulder detected
kact
n kt R
R X + Mt Y Ligand Termination
kdeact kp
Monomer
kact
Keq =
kdeact + X Mt n+1Y Ligand
6
Mechanism of ATRP Process
R X Mt n R X
Mt n+1X Y
ki R
R
Y Y
+ 2 Mt n+1X
7
Polymerization of Methyl Acrylate (MA)
Optimized MA Polymerization
8
Components of ATRP
• 1. Monomers—Stabilizing groups (phenyl or carbonyl)
adjacent to carbon radicals
2. Initiators-- Alkyl halides or psuedohalides
Structure should be similar to propagating halide
3. Catalysts-- Transition metal with two readily available
oxidation states
Ligands control solubility and dynamics of
ATRP equilibrium
4. Solvents—inert to chain transfer, non-poison to
catalysts but solvate catalyst initiator complex
5. Temperature—high temperature better but side
reactions and catalyst stability limit choice
ATRP Monomers
• Styrenes
Methacrylates
ATRP Monomers
• Acrylates
9
ATRP Monomers
Initiators
• Halogenated Alkanes and Benzylic Halides
Catalysts
10
Ligands for Copper Complexes
Reactivity
Bipyridines < < Me5DETA < Me6TREN
Block Copolymers
Best results with monomers in same class (i.e. acrylates)
Block Copolymers
• Sequence of addition critical for monomers
from different classes
Methyl acrylate then methyl methacrylate
poor transfer, broad PDI
Methyl methacrylate then methyl acrylate
good transfer, narrow PDI
11
Functionalized Polymers via ATRP
12
Molecular Architecture via ATRP
13