Chapter 12 Study Guide

Services: Key Issue 1

Where Did Services Originate?
THREE TYPES OF SERVICES
1. Consumer, Business and Public Services. Define each one and break each one down into
sub types and briefly explain each one.
Consumer- to provide services to individual consumers who desire them and can afford to pay
for them. (Retail/Wholesale, Education, Health, Leisure and Hospitality)
Business- to facilitate other businesses. (Financial, Professional, Transportation and
Information)
Public- to provide security and protection for citizens and businesses. (Federal, State, and
Local Governments)
2. Which ones have been growing and which ones have been decreasing?
All growth in the US has been in the services (tertiary) sector, while employment in
primary and secondary sectors have been declining.
3. Based on archaeological research, what services were most likely provided in historys
earliest settlements?
May have been established to offer consumer services (places to bury the dead).
4. What early structures and permanent man-made features were associated with the first
settlements?
a) associated with Consumer services
b) associated with Public services
c) associated with Business services
SERVICES IN RURAL SETTLEMENTS
1. Distinguish between a Clustered Rural Settlement (Hamlet/Village) and a Dispersed Rural
Settlement
2. Describe the characteristics of Circular rural settlements:
3. Describe the characteristics of Linear rural settlements:
4. Describe the characteristics of Dispersed rural settlements in the United States.

5. Describe the characteristics of Dispersed rural settlements in Great Britain.

Chapter 12 Study Guide

6. What is the Enclosure Movement?

Services: Key Issue 2

Why Are Consumer Services Distributed in a Regular Pattern?
CENTRAL PLACE THEORY
1. What is a central place?
2. What does central place theory seek to explain?
3a. What is a market area?
3b. What other term is sometimes used to refer to a market area?
4a. What shape does central place theory hypothesize for market areas?
4b. Why this particular shape?
5. Complete the pyramid below regarding the concept of range.
RANGE
Definition:
Services with LONG ranges

Services with SHORTER ranges

6. Complete the pyramid below regarding the concept of threshold.

THRESHOLD
Definition:

Not all people within a market area can be

counted when determining location of a
service by considering its threshold.
Explain how this is so?
MARKET AREA ANALYSIS
7. To determine the profitability of a location you must a. compute the range, b. compute the
threshold and then draw the market area. Explain how each step is done.

Chapter 12 Study Guide

According to geographers, the best location is the one that minimizes the distance to the
service for the largest number of people.
8. The gravity model helps explain this in as much as the optimal location is ______________
related to the number of people in the area and______________ related to the distance they
must travel.
9. What two patterns, according to the gravity model, reflect consumer behavior?
HIERARCHY OF SERVICES AND SETTLEMENT
Small settlements have services with
i. __________ thresholds
ii. __________ ranges, and

Larger settlements provide services

having.
i. __________ thresholds

ii. __________ ranges, and

iii. __________
market areas.within larger settlements must also do what?
10. However,
small neighborhoods
iii. __________ market areas.
11a. Who made the original study in central place theory?
11b. Where did he do his study?
11c. Who documented the central place phenomenon in the US? Where?
12. In MDCs, the pattern of cities follows the rank-size rule. This states that:
13. If the largest city in a country is more than twice the size of the second city, it is said to be
what?
14. How is the situation different in Europe and LDCs with regard to this?

Services: Key Issue 3

Why Do Business Services Cluster in Large Settlements?
HIERARCHY OF BUSINESS SERVICES
5a. What services were offered in the earliest urban settlements?
b. What services were offered in Ancient Athens?
c. What services were offered in Ancient Rome?
d. What services were offered in Medieval Cities?

Chapter 12 Study Guide

1. What sets World class cities apart?
2. Take brief notes under the following headings as they appear in the book :
a. Business Services in World cities
b. Consumer Services in World cities
c. Public Services in World cities
3. Describe each of the following levels of Business Services. Give city examples for each of the
following levels and sub-levels (Note if no cities are given try and come up with your own):

World Cities
o Dominant World Cities
o

Major World Cities

Secondary World Cities

Command and Control Centers

Specialized Producer-Service Centers

Dependent Centers
o

Resort, Retirement and Residential

Manufacturing Centers

Military Centers

Mining Centers

ECONOMIC BASE OF SETTLEMENTS

8. Define the following terms.
a. basic industry:
b. nonbasic industry:
9. What is the economic base of a community?