2D Flood Modelling Methods for Urban Areas

2D Flood Modelling
in Urban Areas
WRL Research Supporting
Project 15, Chapter 5
Australian Rainfall and Runoff
A guide to runoff estimation
2D Numerical Models
A FPM standard?
Reality
Reality
The Issues
Is there a preferred method(s) to

represent buildings in a 2D Numerical
Model?
Do the houses need to be physically

in the model topography?
Does the volume of flow inside a
building matter?
Syme (2008)
Upstream Walls
Downstream Walls
Syme (2008)
Research Objectives
To develop a detailed base dataset of flood
behaviour information (flow levels and depth, flow
distributions and flow velocities) for an urban
floodplain; and
To test various methods for representing buildings in

numerical models with the aim of determining a
preferred method(s) for representing buildings in a
2D numerical model.
Literature Review
Plenty of water level datasets BUT no

flow gauging between buildings in a real
flood
Some physical model data sets, but

mostly hypothetical cases i.e. no
calibration
! Build our own calibrated physical
model!
Pasher Bulker Storm

June 2007
1500+ Floodmarks
Flash Flooding
Numerous Buildings flood affected
Merewether Site
Small urban catchment
Fierce flows
Structural damage
No building collapse
Merewether Catchment
Area 84 Ha
Merewether Site
Merewether Site
Merewether Site
Merewether Site
Rainfall Data
Topography
High Quality Photogrammetry

: +/- 0.1m vertical
Peak Water Levels
Physical Model Build
Physical Model Build

30:1 horizontal
9:1 vertical
12.5 m long
5 m wide
59 Houses
Physical Model Calibration
Flood flow estimated by:

Friction slope and Flow area
Hydrological model
Validated catchment wide
Contributing catchment at site:
Peak Flow = 19.7 m3/s
0.5% - 1% AEP c.f. Flood Study
Peak Water Levels

6 high quality peak flood levels in model domain
Matched in various locations down the model

Matched to within 100mm
prototype (9 mm model)
Physical Model Parameters
Model Parameter
Importance
Topography
Building form loss
Bed roughness
Measured Flow Velocities
Measured Flow Velocities
Measured Flow Distributions
Flow Analysis
Supercritical Flow
Flow Volume in Buildings
Volume in
Hydrograph
124,015 m3
Flow Volume in Buildings
Volume in all buildings

2,790 m3
= 2% of hydrograph volume
Total Volume in Houses passes

onto floodplain every 2 minutes
Numerical Modelling
Numerical Calibration
1m grid
Levels
Point ID
MWR_0042
MWR_0043
MWR_0044
MWR_0031
MWR_0032
MWR_0033
Recorded Flood 1m Buildings as

Elevation
Obstacles
23.36
23.57
23.14
23.10
23.01
22.79
19.98
20.09
18.38
18.34
18.65
18.67
diff
0.21
-0.04
-0.22
0.11
-0.04
0.02
Velocities - Control Section
Velocities
Flow Directions?
Numerical Calibration
1m grid
Sensitivity to Grid Resolution
2 m grid
Point ID
MWR_0042
MWR_0043
MWR_0044
MWR_0031
MWR_0032
MWR_0033
2m Buildings as
Obstacles
23.58
23.11
22.77
20.09
18.20
18.67
Drift
0.01
0.01
-0.02
0.00
-0.14
0.00
5 m grid
Point ID
MWR_0042
MWR_0043
MWR_0044
MWR_0031
MWR_0032
MWR_0033
5m Buildings as
Obstacles
23.36
23.14
23.01
19.98
18.38
18.65
Drift
0.05
0.10
0.16
0.13
-0.25
-0.01
10 m grid
Point ID
MWR_0042
MWR_0043
MWR_0044
MWR_0031
MWR_0032
MWR_0033
10m Buildings
as Obstacles
23.61
23.13
22.85
20.30
18.67
19.46
Drift
0.04
0.03
0.06
0.21
0.33
0.79
Buildings as Roughness
1m grid
1m Buildings
as
Point ID Roughness
MWR_0042
23.57
MWR_0043
23.10
MWR_0044
22.77
MWR_0031
19.91
MWR_0032
18.28
MWR_0033
18.69
Drift
0.00
0.00
-0.02
-0.18
-0.06
0.02
Buildings as Roughness
1m grid
Building Walls U/S Only
1m grid
1m Buildings
Point ID as US Walls
MWR_0042
23.56
MWR_0043
23.10
MWR_0044
22.79
MWR_0031
20.07
MWR_0032
18.33
MWR_0033
18.70
Drift
-0.01
0.00
0.00
-0.02
-0.01
0.03
Building Walls U/S Only
1m grid
Building Walls Downstream Side Only
1m grid
Point ID
1m Buildings
as DS Walls
Drift
MWR_0042
23.57
0.00
MWR_0043
23.10
0.00
MWR_0044
22.81
0.02
MWR_0031
20.08
-0.01
MWR_0032
18.37
0.03
MWR_0033
18.68
0.01
Building Walls Downstream Side Only
1m grid
90% Porous Buildings
1m grid
Form Loss Buildings
1m grid
0.5 Energy
Loss (v2/2g)
Flood Hazard
1m grid
Flood Hazard
2m grid
Flood Hazard
5m grid
Flood Hazard
10m grid
Conclusions
Applied correctly - 2D Numerical models are not
too bad! Model interpretation is still required
Model Spatial resolution is important for flood
velocities and hazard definition
Building representation method is important to
match flow patterns
Buildings need to deflect flow in numerical
models if flow is deflected in prototype
Flow volume in buildings is a secondary
consideration
Acknowledgements
DCCEE for funding

UNSW WRL for funding
Newcastle City Council for data

2D Flood Modelling Methods for Urban Areas

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2D Flood Modelling

Australian Rainfall and Runoff

A guide to runoff estimation

Australian Rainfall and Runoff

A guide to runoff estimation

Australian Rainfall and Runoff

A guide to runoff estimation

Is there a preferred method(s) to

Do the houses need to be physically

Australian Rainfall and Runoff

A guide to runoff estimation

Australian Rainfall and Runoff

A guide to runoff estimation

Australian Rainfall and Runoff

A guide to runoff estimation

Australian Rainfall and Runoff

A guide to runoff estimation

Australian Rainfall and Runoff

A guide to runoff estimation

To test various methods for representing buildings in

Australian Rainfall and Runoff

A guide to runoff estimation

Plenty of water level datasets BUT no

Some physical model data sets, but

A guide to runoff estimation

Pasher Bulker Storm

Australian Rainfall and Runoff

A guide to runoff estimation

Australian Rainfall and Runoff

A guide to runoff estimation

Australian Rainfall and Runoff

A guide to runoff estimation

Australian Rainfall and Runoff

A guide to runoff estimation

Australian Rainfall and Runoff

A guide to runoff estimation

Australian Rainfall and Runoff

A guide to runoff estimation

Australian Rainfall and Runoff

A guide to runoff estimation

Australian Rainfall and Runoff

A guide to runoff estimation

High Quality Photogrammetry

Australian Rainfall and Runoff

A guide to runoff estimation

Peak Water Levels

Australian Rainfall and Runoff

A guide to runoff estimation

Physical Model Build

Australian Rainfall and Runoff

A guide to runoff estimation

Physical Model Build

Australian Rainfall and Runoff

A guide to runoff estimation

Physical Model Calibration

Flood flow estimated by:

Australian Rainfall and Runoff

A guide to runoff estimation

Peak Water Levels

Matched in various locations down the model

Australian Rainfall and Runoff

A guide to runoff estimation