Calculus I - Spring 2010

Midterm Exam, March 3, 2010

In the following problems you are required to show all your work and provide the necessary explanations everywhere to get full credit.
1. Find the domain of the function f (x) =

x+1
.
x2 3

Solution:This function does not exist at points where the denominator is 0, that is at x = 3
and x = 3. Therefore the domain is
n
o
x | x 6= 3

2. Let f (x) =
NONE.)

or


   
, 3 3, 3
3,

x4
. Find the value of each limit, if it exists. (If it does not exist, enter
|4 x|

(a) lim f (x) = 1

x4

Solution: We have
lim

x4

x4
x4
x4
= lim
= lim
= 1
|4 x| x4 4 x x4 (x 4)

(b) lim+ f (x) = 1

x4

Solution: We have
lim+

x4

x4
x4
x4
= lim+
= lim+
=1
|4 x| x4 (4 x) x4 x 4

(c) lim f (x) does not exist

x4

Solution: Since
lim

x4

it follows that lim f (x) does not exist.

x4
x4
6= lim+
|4 x| x4 |4 x|

x4

3. Use the given graph of f (x) to find the value of each limit, if it exists. (If it does not exist,
enter NONE.)

(a) lim f (x) = 2

x4

(b) lim + f (x) = 2

x4

(c) lim f (x) = 2

x4

(d) lim f (x) = 4

x1

(e) lim+ f (x) = 2

x1

(f) lim f (x) NONE, since lim f (x) 6= lim+ f (x)

x1

x1

x1

(g) lim f (x) = 5

x6

(h) lim+ f (x) = 5

x6

(i) lim f (x) = 5

x6

4. For each of the following, decide if the limit exists. If it does, find the limit. If it does not,
decide also if the limit is , , or neither.

x2 5
= 2 5
5x
5

(a) lim

Solution: We have

x2 5
(x 5)(x + 5)
= lim

= lim
lim
5) = 5 + 5 = 2 5

(x +

x 5
x 5 x
5 x 5
x 5
x2 4x + 3
x1
(x 1)2

(b) lim

does not exist and neither nor

Solution: We have
x2 4x + 3
(x 1)(x 3)
x3
= lim
= lim
2
2
x1
x1
x1 x 1
(x 1)
(x 1)
lim

Note that
lim

x1

Since

x3
= and
x1
lim

x1
2

lim+

x1

x3
=
x1

x3
x3
6= lim+
x 1 x1 x 1

x 4x + 3
does not exist and neither nor .
x1
(x 1)2

it follows that lim

(c) lim

x0

sin(8x)
= 4
tan(2x)

Solution: We have


sin(8x)
sin(8x)
sin(8x)
sin(8x)
lim
= lim cos(2x) lim
= lim sin(2x) = lim cos(2x)
=
x0 tan(2x)
x0
x0
x0
sin(2x)
| {z } x0 sin(2x)
cos(2x)

sin(8x)
= lim
= lim
x0 sin(2x)
x0

sin(8x)
8x
sin(2x)
2x

=1

sin u
1 8x
8
= lim
= 1 = lim
= lim = 4
u0 u
x0 1 2x
x0 2
2x

8x

5
5x2 x + 1
=
x
3x2 + 2
3

(d) lim

Solution: We have
5x2 x + 1
= lim
lim
x
x
3x2 + 2

5x2 x+1
x2
3x2 +2
x2

= lim

5x2
x2

3x2
x2

x
x2

2
x2

1
x2

5 x1 + x12
50+0
5
= lim
=
=
2
x
3+0
3
3 + x2

1
(e) lim ( x2 + 2x x2 + x) =
x
2
Solution: We have

lim ( x2 + 2x

x2 + x) = lim

x2 + 2x
1

x2 + x

( x2 + 2x x2 + x)( x2 + 2x + x2 + x)
(x2 + 2x) (x2 + x)

= lim
= lim
=
x
x
x2 + 2x + x2 + x
x2 + 2x + x2 + x
= lim
x

= lim
x2 + 2x + x2 + x x

= lim q
x

1
x2 +2x
x2

x2 +x
x2

1
1

=
2
1+0+ 1+0

= lim q
x

x
x
x2 +2x

x2 +x

= lim

2
x x
+2x
x2

1
x2
x2

2x
x2

x2
x2

x
x2

1
= (does not exist)
x1 (1 x)2
lim

x1

therefore

1
1
= lim+
=
2
x1 (1 x)2
(1 x)

1
= (does not exist)
x1 (1 x)2
lim

5. Use the Squeeze Theorem to find the limit lim

sin x
.
x

Solution: We have
1 sin x 1
Since

sin x
1
1

x
x
x



1
1
= lim = 0
lim
x x
x
x

it follows that

sin x
= 0
x x
lim

by the Squeeze Theorem.

sin x
sin x
= 0 and lim
= 1.
x0 x
x x

REMARK: Do not confuse lim

= lim q
x
1+

(f) lim

Solution: We have

x2 +x

x2

1
2
x

1+

1
x

6. Find the horizontal and vertical asymptotes of the function f (x) =

Solution:

x2 + 4x 5
.
x2 + x 2

(a) We have
lim

x2

x2 + 4x 5
(x 1)(x + 5)
x+5
= lim
= lim
=
2
x2 (x 1)(x + 2)
x2 x + 2
x +x2

Therefore x = 2 is the vertical asymptote.

REMARK: Note that x = 1 is NOT a vertical asymptote, since
lim

x2 + 4x 5
(x 1)(x + 5)
x+5
= lim
= lim
6=
2
x1 (x 1)(x + 2)
x1 x + 2
x +x2

lim+

(x 1)(x + 5)
x+5
x2 + 4x 5
= lim+
= lim+
6=
2
x1 (x 1)(x + 2)
x1 x + 2
x +x2

x1

Similarly,
x1

(b) We have
x2 + 4x 5
= lim
lim
x
x x2 + x 2

x2 +4x5
x2
x2 +x2
x2

x2
2
lim x2
x x
x2

+
+

4x
x2
x
x2

5
x2
2
x2

1+
x 1 +

= lim

4
x
1
x

5
x2
2
x2

1+00
=1
1+00

Therefore y = 1 is the horizontal asymptote.

7. Let f (x) = sin x.

(a) Find an equation of the tangent line to f (x) at the point (0, 0).
Solution: We have
f (x) = (sin x) = cos x

f (0) = cos 0 = 1

therefore slope m = 1. It follows that an equation of the tangent line to f (x) at the point (0, 0)
is
y=x
y 0 = 1 (x 0) =
(b) Find an equation of the normal line to f (x) at the point (0, 0).
Solution: Since
mnormal =

1
mtangent

1
= = 1
1

it follows that an equation of the normal line to f (x) at the point (0, 0) is
y 0 = 1 (x 0)

y = x

2
8. Find the derivative of the function f (x) = using the definition of derivative.
x
Solution: We have

x+h
2 x2

x
f (x + h) f (x)
2 x2 x+h
x x+h
x+h

f (x) = lim
= lim
= lim
= lim
=

h0
h0
h0
h0
h
h
h
h x x+h

(2 x 2 x + h)(2 x + 2 x + h)
4x 4(x + h)

= lim
= lim
=

h0
h0 h x x + h(2 x + 2 x + h)
h x x + h(2 x + 2 x + h)
4h
4

= lim
= lim
=

h0 h x x + h(2 x + 2 x + h)
h0
x x + h(2 x + 2 x + h)
4
1
4
4
= = x3/2

=
=
=

x x(2 x + 2 x)
x4 x
x x
x x + 0(2 x + 2 x + 0)
9. Let f (x) = sin(sin x). Find f (x) and f (x).
Solution: We have
f (x) = [sin(sin x)] = cos(sin x) (sin x) = cos(sin x) cos x
and

f (x) = [cos(sin x) cos x] = [cos(sin x)] cos x + cos(sin x) (cos x) =

= sin(sin x) (sin x) cos x + cos(sin x) ( sin x) =
= sin(sin x) cos x cos x cos(sin x) sin x =
= sin(sin x) cos2 x cos(sin x) sin x

10. Use limits to explain why the function

2

x x + 2 if x 2
f (x) =

1
if x > 2
x+2
is discontinuous at x = 2.

Solution: We have
lim f (x) = lim (x2 x + 2) = 22 2 + 2 = 4 and

x2

x2

lim+ f (x) = lim+

x2

Since
lim f (x) 6= lim+ f (x)

x2

x2

it follows that f (x) is discontinuous at x = 2.

6

x2

1
1
1
=
=
x+2
2+2
4

11. Differentiate the following functions:

(a) f (x) = 7 2x
Solution: We have

1
f (x) = (7 2x) = 7( 2x) = 7((2x)1/2 ) = 7 (2x)1/21 (2x) =
2
7
1
= 7 (2x)1/2 2 = 7 (2x)1/2 =
2
2x
(b) f (x) = x(1 x)8
Solution: We have
f (x) = [x(1 x)8 ] = x (1 x)8 + x[(1 x)8 ] = (1 x)8 + x 8(1 x)7 (1 x) =
= (1 x)8 + 8x(1 x)7 (1) = (1 x)8 8x(1 x)7 = (1 x)7 (1 9x)

13 x
(c) f (x) =
5x3
Solution: We have

 
 

 
13 x
1
1 3 3 1/23
3x1/2
1 3x1/2

f (x) =
=
=
=

x x
=
5x3
5x3
5x3
5x3
5
5
=

1 3 3 5/2
x x
5
5

 
3
5
1 3
3 5/2

1
31
x

x
= (3)x
x5/21 =

=
5
5
5
5
2

3
3
= x4 + x7/2
5
2
(d) f (x) =

2 cos x 4 sin x
x+1

Solution: We have


2
cos
x

4
sin
x
(2 cos x 4 sin x) (x + 1) (2 cos x 4 sin x) (x + 1)

f (x) =
=
=
x+1
(x + 1)2
(2 sin x 4 cos x) (x + 1) 2 cos x + 4 sin x
(x + 1)2

(e) f (x) = sec2 (1 + 5 x)

=

Solution: We have

f (x) = [sec2 (1 + 5 x)] = 2 sec(1 + 5 x) (sec(1 + 5 x)) =

= 2 sec(1 + 5 x) sec(1 + 5 x) tan(1 + 5 x) (1 + 5 x) =

= 2 sec(1 +

= sec2 (1 +

5 x) sec(1 +

5 x) tan(1 +

5 x) tan(1 +

1
5 x) (5 x)1/2 (1) =
2

5 x) (5 x)1/2
7