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Aves Ponedoras
Cambridge, MA
Lexington, MA
Hadley, MA
Bethesda, MD
Washington, DC
Chicago, IL
Cairo, Egipto
Johannesburg, Sudfrica
Apoyo a la Generacin
de Ingresos Locales
(AGIL)
Guatemala-CAP
Contrato #
520-C-00-00-00035-00
Junio 2003
Elaborado para:
Agencia de los Estados Unidos
para el Desarrollo Internacional/
Guatemala
1a Calle 7-66
Zona 9
Guatemala 010009
Elaborado por
Christopher Reynolds
Abt Associates Inc.
Suite 600
4800 Montgomery Lane
Bethesda, MD 20814-5341
Manual para
Proyectos de Aves Ponedoras
AGIL
Apoyo a la generacin de ingresos locales
Julio 2,003
Tabla de Contenido
I.
La Potencial de la Empresa
Resumen de Proyecto
Proyecto de Aves Ponedoras- Modelo Pachay
Ejemplo de Estudio Mercadeo
II.
Infraestructura
Galera para 1,500 Gallinas Ponedoras (Tipo 1):
Planos de Obra Civil
Presupuesto
Galera para 1,500 Gallinas Ponedoras (Tipo 2):
Planos de Obra Civil
Presupuesto
III.
Anlisis Econmica
Resumen de Proyeccin para Cuatro Aos:
Iniciando con 500 Aves y Llegando a 1,500
Proyeccin para Cuatro Aos:
Inicia con 500 Aves con Proyeccin a 1,500 Aves
Flujo y Egreso para 500 Gallinas
Clculo de Tasa Interna de Retorno y Valor Actual Neto
IV.
Anexos
I. La Potencial de la Empresa
son cubiertos con 8 a 10 centmetros de aserrn, cscara de caf u otro material local similar. Los
bebedores y comederos necesitan ser comprados. Si el agua es escasa en la poblacin, un sistema
simple de riego puede ser instalado utilizando tanques de 100-150 galones. As mismo, una
pequea estructura de 1 por 1 se construye con el fin de ser utilizada como un pequeo hospital.
Cantidad de Huevos
Produccin de Huevos
1500
1400
1300
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
500
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
Semana
Produccin Diaria de Huevos
Aproximadamente en 50 semanas, 1,500 gallinas habrn puesto 400,000 huevos, siendo la mitad de
ellos de un tamao mediano, los cuales pueden ser vendidos por Q. 0.50 o ms cada uno. Estas
gallinas consumirn un promedio de 3.5 quintales mensuales de alimento por cada una de ellas, con
un costo de Q. 95 por quintal. Deduciendo solamente el costo del alimento de la venta de los
huevos sin tomar en cuenta ningn otro gasto, este proyecto produce alrededor de Q. 325 diario.
Durante un periodo de 50 semanas las ventas netas podran alcanzar Q. 200,000.
Historial de Costos, Ventas y Ganancias del Proyecto de
Gallinas Ponedoras
Q800.00
Valor en Quetzales
Q700.00
Q600.00
Q500.00
Q400.00
Q300.00
Q200.00
Q100.00
Q0.00
20
21
22 23 24
25
26
27 28 29 30
31
32
33 34 35 36
37
38
39
Semana
Costo de Alimentos, Diario
Ventas de Huevos
Ganancia
Proyecto AGIL
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
dotacin el grupo estar en capacidad de hacer compras al contado para reponer las aves
descartadas.
9. El grupo recibe Q. 3,500.oo, como complemento del capital semilla para la compra de
alimento para las aves para un periodo de cuatro semanas.. Posteriormente, la compra de
concentrado deber hacerse cada quince das con los fondos obtenidos en la venta de
huevos, costales y gallinas de descarte..
10. La organizacin debe mantener y cubrir los costos del proyecto con la venta de la
produccin de huevos la cual se da de la siguiente manera: Desde la semana 23 a la
semana 30 la produccin de huevos se estima en un promedio 90%. Despus de la
semana 36, la produccin comienza a decrecer dos puntos por mes hasta la semana 70).
DATOS.
1. Costo de compra de cada gallina. Q. 23.00. El costo actual es de Q. 25.00.
2. Costo de venta de cada gallina o valor de descarte o desecho Q. 15.00.
3. Periodo productivo de las gallinas: De semana 18 a semana a semana 70, despus de este
periodo se venden como descarte.
4. De la semana 18 a la semana 23, la produccin inicia de un 5%, con huevos pequeos
(piwi), de manera ascendente hasta alcanzar en la semana 23, la productividad optima.
5. El periodo de alta productividad se establece entre la Semana 23 a la semana 36, con un
nivel del 90%, de productividad, despus de esa semana la produccin comienza a
decrecer hasta un 67%.
6. Costo del concentrado por Quintal. Q. 87.00 mas flete Q. 5.00. (Costo actual Q. 97.00),
7. Consumo diario por 500 gallinas, promedio 1.25. quintales diarios. Durante la semana 18
a 23 pueden consumir 1 quintal diario.
8. Los sacos vacos del concentrado pueden venderse a mayoristas en Q. 0.90 la unidad.
Individualmente se venden a Q. 1.00 cada uno. En otros casos los sacos son utilizados
para el manejo y empaque de gallinaza, o se reparten entre los miembros.
9. Costo promedio de 1 huevo. Q. 0.30
10. Precio de venta promedio de cada huevo, entre Q.0. 35 y Q. 0.50
11. Los gastos de vitaminas, medicina y vacunas, pueden variar dependiendo el manejo y
problemas de enfermedades, se estima un costo mensual de Q. 80.oo (100.00) por cada
500 gallinas.
12. Venta de gallinaza. La produccin de gallinaza en un lote de 500 aves es de 80 sacos de
70 libras, los cuales pueden venderse en Q. 20.oo cada saco.
13. Gastos de capacitacin y asistencia. Se estima necesario cubrir dos das de visitas
mensuales que equivalen a Q. 250.00 incluyendo transporte.
14. Contador. Se estima que el gasto para el pago de un contador puede estar en Q.200.00,
mensuales.
15. La mano de obra o salarios se calcula de la siguiente manera: 1) Cuando se paga un
galerista hombre, este puede manejar hasta 3000 aves, el salario mensual puede estar
entre Q. 600.oo y Q. 800.oo. 2) Cuando las que atienden las galeras son mujeres,
especialmente las participantes en el proyecto, la capacidad se reduce a Q. 1000 aves por
persona, con un costo de Q. 20.00. Lo anterior se justifica por un lado en la variacin de
la fuerza corporal entre hombres y mujeres para el manejo de sacos de concentrado,
traslado de huevos etc., por otro lado, la mayora de mujeres que realizan trabajos en la
granja, deben combinarlo con el cuido de sus hijos.
Proyecto AGIL
16. La venta de los huevos la hacen las asociadas. Primero reciben cierta cantidad de huevos
al costo establecido por la organizacin, el valor de la venta debe liquidarse cada quince
das.
17. El costo de la construccin de una galera de 10 por 20 metros, con capacidad para 1,500
aves, se estima en Q. 23,000.00. En costos actualizados se estima una galera de 10
por 15 metros con un costo de Q. 25,000.00.
1
0.75
0.5
0.25
0
0.60
0.40
0.20
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Porcentaje de
Postura
Curva de Postura
Aos
Meses
Incremento de Activos
Quetzales
Utilidades o Excedentes
Quetzales
30,000
20,000
10,000
-
150,000
100,000
50,000
-
Aos
Aos
ASPECTOS FINANCIEROS.
Se ha elaborado un cuadro de costos de un lote de 500 aves, el cual refleja los flujos que
pueden generarse en un periodo de 16 meses. Con el manejo de 500 aves los flujos son
bajos y no llegara a ser un proyecto rentable y plenamente sostenible.
Proyecto AGIL
Se ha analizado la posibilidad de iniciar con 500 aves incrementando 500 aves mas, en el
mes 6, y luego 500 aves mas en el mes 18. Se elaboro un cuadro que muestra los flujos
por cuatro aos, los cuales indican que con un capital de Q. 68,900, en el cuarto ao se
llegara a un capital de Q. 124,200.oo. Se establece que se tendrn utilidades acumuladas
por Q. 77,200.oo, lo que da una rentabilidad media del 41%, sobre la inversin inicial.
Al analizar los indicadores financieros : Tasa interna de retorno TIR, Valor Actual Neto
VAN y Beneficio Costo, podemos concluir en lo siguiente. El proyecto es recomendable
para un plazo de 4 aos, si se excluyen los costos de construccin de bodega y capital
semilla (Q. 23,000.oo mas Q. 15,000.00). comparado con un costo de oportunidad del
12%. En la medida que estos costos se han incrementado, el proyecto deja de ser
recomendable para 4 aos, y se establece que alcanzara este nivel de eficiencia, a partir
del quinto ao. En general el proyecto se considera recomendable para este tipo de
organizaciones, sin dejar por un lado que ser conveniente mantener los niveles de
asistencia tcnica y capacitacin en reas tcnico pecuarias y administracin.
Se analizo la posibilidad de incrementar la granja a 3000 aves en 4 aos, lo que muestra
ciertas ventajas, sin embargo se necesita buscar mayor financiamiento para la
construccin nuevos gallineros y para el incremento de aves, lo cual debe ser analizado
por cada organizacin en el futuro.
CONCLUSIN.
El proyecto es recomendable para ser ejecutado por grupos comunitarios organizados con un
aporte inicial para la construccin de un gallinero, compra de aves y alimento para cuatro
semanas y manteniendo el apoyo en asistencia tcnica y capacitacin en las reas tcnico
pecuarias, administracin y mercadeo.
No
Concepto
1
Construccin de bodega
Antes: 23,000, hoy: 25,000
2
Compra de aves (Antes Q.23 c/u ; hoy Q. 25 c/u
3
500 Aves
1,500 Aves
23,000.00
25,000.00
11,500
3,500.00
38,000.00
37,500.00
9,000.00
71,500.00
CUADROS ADJUNTOS.
1. Cuadro de anlisis de costos por lote de 500 aves, en un periodo normal de 16 meses.
2. Cuadro de flujo y proceso del incremento de 500 a 1500 aves en para un periodo de cuatro
aos.
3. Estados financieros proyectados a cuatro aos. Resumen de aportes, Balance General, Estado
de resultados y anlisis de rentabilidad.
4. Cuadro de anlisis de VAN, TIR Y B/C.
5. Graficas (Curva de postura, utilidades o excedentes por ao, rentabilidad anual, aumento de
activos).
Proyecto AGIL
Balance General
Parcial
Optimo
Total
38,000.00
23,000.00
11,500.00
3,500.00
9,000.00
9,000.00
47,000.00
Ao 1
Ao 2
Ao 3
Ao 4
(PROYECTADO) Expresado en Quetzales
Acumulado
ACTIVOS
Efectivo
Aves
Gallinero
Total Activo
PASIVO Y CAPITAL
PASIVO
Cuentas por pagar aves
CAPITAL
Capital donado
Donacion inicial Agil
Capital propio
Aporte asociados construccion gallinero
Utilidad del periodo
Utilidades capitalizadas
Total pasivo y capital
Estado de Ingresos y Gastos
Ingresos
Menos costos y gastos de produccion
Excedente bruto
Menos gastos de administracion
Excedente neto por ao
Rentabilidad anual sobre inversion
inicial
47,000
2,400.00
14,700.00
33,300.00
57,700.00
57,700.00
34,500.00
32,000.00
68,900.00
34,500.00
32,000.00
81,200.00
34,500.00
32,000.00
99,800.00
34,500.00
32,000.00
124,200.00
34,500.00
32,000.00
124,200.00
7,000.00
38,000.00
38,000.00
38,000.00
38,000.00
38,000.00
9,000.00
14,900.00
9,000.00
19,300.00
14,900.00
81,200.00
9,000.00
18,600.00
34,200.00
99,800.00
9,000.00
24,400.00
52,800.00
124,200.00
9,000.00
68,900.00
Ao 1
Ao 2
Ao 3
Ao 4
(PROYECTADO) Expresado en Quetzales
77,200.00
124,200.00
Total
101,900.00
81,600.00
20,300.00
194,300.00
166,000.00
28,300.00
193,900.00
165,700.00
28,200.00
200,300.00
163,900.00
36,400.00
690,400.00
577,200.00
113,200.00
5,400.00
9,000.00
9,600.00
12,000.00
36,000.00
14,900.00
19,300.00
18,600.00
24,400.00
77,200.00
0.32
0.41
0.40
0.52
1.64
AGIL
Apoyo a la generacin de ingresos locales
Contado
Credito
1
500
2
500
3
500
4
500
5
500
4,087.50
6,247.50
6,247.50
6,112.50
6
1000
7
1000
8
1000
9
1000
10
1000
15,000.00
1,533.00
16,533.00
4,087.50
6,247.50
6,247.50
6,112.50
4,197.50
4,199.00
4,199.00
4,197.50
6,141.68
5,969.03
5,863.88
5,676.30
5,571.15
1,533.00
4,087.50
6,247.50
6,247.50
6,112.50
7,674.68
10,056.53
12,111.38
11,923.80
11,683.65
11,500.00
3,746.00
15,246.00
4,197.50
4,199.00
4,199.00
4,197.50
4,120.10
4,104.05
4,088.75
4,079.60
4,064.30
5,000.00
1,000.00
2,000.00
3,000.00
1,000.00
3,746.00
4,197.50
4,199.00
4,199.00
4,197.50
12,866.10
9,301.55
10,287.75
11,278.60
9,261.80
300.00
300.00
300.00
300.00
300.00
300.00
600.00
600.00
600.00
600.00
15,546.00
4,497.50
4,499.00
4,499.00
4,497.50
13,166.10
9,901.55
10,887.75
11,878.60
9,861.80
987.00
(410.00)
1,748.50
1,748.50
1,615.00
(5,491.43)
154.98
1,223.63
45.20
1,821.85
987.00
577.00
2,325.50
4,074.00
5,689.00
197.58
352.55
1,576.18
1,621.38
3,443.23
Proyecto AGIL
Contado
Meses
Numero aves en la granja
Aporte de capital semilla
Ingresos: Lotes 1, 4 y 7.
Ingresos lotes: 2, 5 y 8
Ingresos lotes: 3, 6 y 9.
Total ingresos
Compra aves, lotes: 1, 4, y 7
Costos lotes. 1,4, y 7.
Compra aves lotes: 2,5 y 8.
Costos lotes:2,5, y 8.
Compra aves lotes. 3,6 y 9.
Costos lotes: 3,6 y 9
Total costos
Calculo incremental estimano
Total costos y gastos
Diferencia entre costos y gastos
Acumulaciones
Cotado
11
1000
12
1500
13
1500
14
1500
15
1500
16
1500
17
1500
18
1500
19
1500
20
1500
5,398.50
5,210.93
4,580.78
4,295.70
4,130.63
9,700.08
1,533.00
4,087.50
6,247.50
6,247.50
6,141.68
5,969.03
5,863.88
5,676.30
5,571.15
5,398.50
5,210.93
4,580.78
4,295.70
4,130.63
1,533.00
4,087.50
6,247.50
6,247.50
6,112.50
6,141.68
5,969.03
5,863.88
5,676.30
12,712.95
14,532.15
16,219.50
15,949.28
21,211.08
12,885.60
14,637.30
16,407.08
16,054.43
11,540.18
11,500.00
4,048.25
4,039.10
4,023.80
4,013.15
4,004.00
2,111.90
3,746.00
4,197.50
4,199.00
4,199.00
4,120.10
4,104.05
4,088.75
4,079.60
4,064.30
4,048.25
4,039.10
4,023.80
4,013.15
4,004.00
4,000.00
2,000.00
2,000.00
3,000.00
8,168.35
3,746.00
4,197.50
4,199.00
4,199.00
4,197.50
4,120.10
4,104.05
4,088.75
4,079.60
15,889.15
14,310.05
14,291.75
15,267.30
10,357.65
23,405.20
12,325.35
12,300.90
12,282.60
600.00
600.00
600.00
600.00
600.00
800.00
800.00
800.00
800.00
800.00
8,768.35
16,489.15
14,910.05
14,891.75
15,867.30
11,157.65
24,205.20
13,125.35
13,100.90
13,082.60
2,771.83
(3,776.20)
(377.90)
1,327.75
81.98
10,053.43
(11,319.60)
1,511.95
3,306.18
2,971.83
6,215.05
2,438.85
2,060.95
3,388.70
3,470.68
13,524.10
2,204.50
3,716.45
7,022.63
9,994.45
Proyecto AGIL
Meses
Numero aves en la granja
Aporte de capital semilla
Ingresos: Lotes 1, 4 y 7.
Ingresos lotes: 2, 5 y 8
Ingresos lotes: 3, 6 y 9.
Total ingresos
21
1500
22
1500
23
1500
24
1500
25
1500
26
1500
27
1500
28
1500
29
1500
30
1500
6,112.50
6,141.68
5,969.03
5,863.88
5,676.30
5,571.15
5,398.50
5,210.93
4,580.78
4,295.70
9,700.08
1,533.00
4,087.50
6,247.50
6,247.50
6,112.50
6,141.68
5,969.03
5,863.88
5,676.30
5,571.15
5,398.50
5,210.93
4,580.78
4,295.70
4,130.63
9,700.08
1,533.00
4,087.50
6,247.50
21,383.73
13,073.18
15,267.45
16,692.15
16,219.50
15,814.28
21,240.25
12,712.95
14,532.15
16,219.50
4,120.10
4,104.05
4,088.75
4,079.60
4,064.30
4,048.25
4,039.10
4,023.80
4,013.15
4,197.50
4,199.00
4,199.00
4,197.50
4,120.10
4,104.05
4,088.75
4,079.60
4,064.30
4,048.25
4,039.10
4,023.80
4,013.15
4,004.00
2,111.90
3,746.00
4,197.50
4,199.00
10,373.70
23,414.35
12,340.65
12,311.55
12,291.75
12,265.80
10,280.25
23,389.15
12,310.05
12,291.75
800.00
800.00
800.00
800.00
800.00
800.00
800.00
800.00
800.00
800.00
11,173.70
24,214.35
13,140.65
13,111.55
13,091.75
13,065.80
11,080.25
24,189.15
13,110.05
13,091.75
10,210.03
(11,141.18)
2,126.80
3,580.60
3,127.75
2,748.48
10,160.00
(11,476.20)
1,422.10
3,127.75
20,204.48
9,063.30
11,190.10
14,770.70
17,898.45
20,646.93
30,806.93
19,330.73
20,752.83
23,880.58
4,197.50
11,500.00
2,111.90
3,746.00
11,500.00
Proyecto AGIL
Meses
Numero aves en la granja
Aporte de capital semilla
Ingresos: Lotes 1, 4 y 7.
Ingresos lotes: 2, 5 y 8
Ingresos lotes: 3, 6 y 9.
Total ingresos
31
1500
32
1500
33
1500
34
1500
35
1500
36
1500
37
1500
38
1500
39
1500
40
1500
4,130.63
9,700.08
1,533.00
4,087.50
6,247.50
6,247.50
6,112.50
6,141.68
5,969.03
5,863.88
5,571.15
5,398.50
5,210.93
4,580.78
4,295.70
4,130.63
9,700.08
1,533.00
4,087.50
6,247.50
6,247.50
6,112.50
6,141.68
5,969.03
5,863.88
5,676.30
5,571.15
5,398.50
5,210.93
4,580.78
15,949.28
21,211.08
12,885.60
14,637.30
16,407.08
16,054.43
21,383.73
13,073.18
15,267.45
16,692.15
4,197.50
4,199.00
4,199.00
4,197.50
4,120.10
4,104.05
4,088.75
4,197.50
4,199.00
4,199.00
4,197.50
4,120.10
4,104.05
4,088.75
4,079.60
4,064.30
4,048.25
4,039.10
4,023.80
12,267.30
10,357.65
23,405.20
12,325.35
12,300.90
12,282.60
10,373.70
23,414.35
12,340.65
12,311.55
800.00
800.00
800.00
800.00
800.00
800.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
13,067.30
11,157.65
24,205.20
13,125.35
13,100.90
13,082.60
11,373.70
24,414.35
13,340.65
13,311.55
2,881.98
10,053.43
(11,319.60)
1,511.95
3,306.18
2,971.83
10,010.03
(11,341.18)
1,926.80
3,380.60
26,762.55
36,815.98
25,496.38
27,008.33
30,314.50
33,286.33
43,296.35
31,955.18
33,881.98
37,262.58
11,500.00
4,004.00
2,111.90
3,746.00
11,500.00
4,064.30
4,048.25
4,039.10
4,023.80
4,013.15
4,004.00
2,111.90
3,746.00
Proyecto AGIL
Meses
Numero aves en la granja
Aporte de capital semilla
Ingresos: Lotes 1, 4 y 7.
Ingresos lotes: 2, 5 y 8
Ingresos lotes: 3, 6 y 9.
Total ingresos
41
1500
42
1500
43
1500
44
1500
45
1500
46
1500
47
1500
48
1500
5,676.30
5,571.15
5,398.50
5,210.93
4,580.78
4,295.70
4,130.63
9,700.08
6,247.50
6,112.50
6,141.68
5,969.03
5,863.88
5,676.30
5,571.15
5,398.50
4,295.70
4,130.63
9,700.08
1,533.00
4,087.50
6,247.50
6,247.50
6,112.50
16,219.50
15,814.28
21,240.25
12,712.95
14,532.15
16,219.50
15,949.28
21,211.08
Totales
15,000.00
260,299.88
232,381.78
197,761.25
705,442.90
4,013.15
4,004.00
2,111.90
3,746.00
4,197.50
4,199.00
4,199.00
4,197.50
12,291.75
12,265.80
10,280.25
23,389.15
12,310.05
12,291.75
12,267.30
10,357.65
1,000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
1,000.00
13,291.75
13,265.80
11,280.25
24,389.15
13,310.05
13,291.75
13,267.30
11,357.65
36,000.00
647,735.05
2,927.75
2,548.48
9,960.00
(11,676.20)
1,222.10
2,927.75
2,681.98
9,853.43
57,707.85
40,190.33
42,738.80
52,698.80
41,022.60
42,244.70
45,172.45
47,854.43
57,707.85
4,079.60
4,064.30
4,048.25
4,199.00
4,197.50
4,120.10
4,039.10
4,023.80
4,013.15
4,004.00
2,111.90
4,104.05
4,088.75
4,079.60
4,064.30
4,048.25
11,500.00
34,500.00
189,708.00
35,000.00
171,516.05
34,000.00
147,011.00
611,735.05
Proyecto AGIL
AGIL
Apoyo a la generacin de ingresos locales
Antes
Hoy
23,000.00
25,000.00
11,500.00
37,500.00
3,500.00
9,700.00
38,000.00
72,200.00
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Total
0.4
0.9
0.92
0.92
0.9
0.88
0.85
0.83
0.8
0.78
0.75
0.72
0.7
0.65
0.62
0.6
6000
13500
13800
13800
13500
13200
12750
12450
12000
11700
11250
10800
10500
9750
9300
9000
11
13
15
16
18
20
21
23
24
25
299
485
33
37.5
37.5
37.5
37.5
36.675
36.525
36.375
36.3
36.15
36
35.925
35.775
35.7
35.625
15.075
559.125
80
80
0.4
6.65
500
183,300
5.00
1.00
23.00
15.00
20.00
80 Sacos
87.00
20.00
0.25
0.3
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.4
0.4
0.4
13
0
80 Mensuales por cada 500 aves.
Proyecto AGIL
MESES
PRODUCTOS Y COSTOS
Ingresos y Productos
Capital semilla
Venta de Huevos
Venta de costales
Venta de Gallinas descarte
Venta de gallinaza
Total ingreso
Costos
Construccion de galera
Compra de gallinas
Compra de concentrado
Flete concentrado
Salario Galerista
Vitaminas y medicamentos
Gastos de venta .005 por unidad
10
11
12
13
14
15
16 Total
1500
4050
6210
6210
6075
5940
5737.5
5602.5
5400
5265
5062.5
4860
4200
3900
3720
3600
77332.5
33
37.5
37.5
37.5
37.5
36.675
36.525
36.375
36.3
36.15
36
35.925
35.775
35.7
35.625
15.075
559.125
165
195
225
240
270
300
315
345
360
375
4485
7275
16533
4087.5
6247.5
6247.5
15000
15000
5676.3 5571.15
1600
1600
101766.625
0
11500
20
0.005
11500
2871
3262.5
3262.5
3262.5
165
187.5
187.5
187.5
600
600
600
600
600
600
80
80
80
80
80
30
67.5
69
69
67.5
3158.1 3145.05
181.875
181.5
180.75
180
179.625
178.875
178.5 178.125
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
66
63.75
62.25
60
58.5
56.25
54
52.5
48643.875
75.375
2795.625
600
600
9600
80
80
80
1280
48.75
46.5
45
916.5
0
Sub-total Egresos
Gastos Indirectos
Gastos de administracion
Inprevistos 5% s/cd.
Gastos financieros
Amortizacion credito
Depreciacion Gallinas
Total Gastos Indirectos
Total Costos y Gastos
Diferencias
Acumulaciones
15246 4197.5
4199
4199 4197.5
4120.1
4104.1 4088.75
4079.6
4064.3 4048.25
4039.1
4023.8 4013.2
4004
2111.9
74736
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
3200
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
1600
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
4800
15546 4497.5
4499
4499 4497.5
4420.1
4404.1 4388.75
4379.6
4364.3 4348.25
4339.1
4323.8 4313.2
4304
2411.9
79536
1565 1475.13
-17.45 -173.38
7288.2
22230.625
15116 14942.5
22231
987
-410
1748.5
1748.5
1615 1721.6
987
577
2325.5
4074
5689 7410.6
Proyecto AGIL
Productos
Costos
1
2
3
4
116,900.00
194,300.00
193,900.00
200,300.00
705,400.00
114,500.00
182,000.00
175,300.00
175,900.00
647,700.00
40,951.24
52.02
1.08
12.00
3.00
VAN
Tir
B/C
12
15
Flujos
Actualizacin
Ingresos
Costos
Flujos
Actualizacin Flujos Netos
Netos
12%
Actualizacin Actualizacin Actualizacin
15%
Actualizados
2,400.00
1.0
116,900.00
114,500.00
2,400.00
1.00
2,400.00
12,300.00
0.79719388
154,894.77
145,089.29
9,805.48
0.76
9,300.57
18,600.00
0.71178025
138,014.19
124,775.08
13,239.11
0.66
12,229.80
24,400.00
0.63551808
127,294.27
111,787.63
15,506.64
0.57
13,950.78
57,700.00
537,103.23
496,151.99
40,951.24
37,881.15
13.34
Productos
Costos
1
2
3
4
116,900.00
194,300.00
193,900.00
200,300.00
705,400.00
146,500.00
182,000.00
175,300.00
175,900.00
679,700.00
VAN
Tir
B/C
8,951.24
20.75
1.02
12.00
3.00
12
15
Flujos
Actualizacin
Ingresos
Costos
Flujos
Actualizacin Flujos Netos
Netos
12%
Actualizacin Actualizacin Actualizacin
15%
Actualizados
(29,600.00)
1.0
116,900.00
146,500.00
(29,600.00)
1.00
(29,600.00)
12,300.00
0.79719388
154,894.77
145,089.29
9,805.48
0.76
9,300.57
18,600.00
0.71178025
138,014.19
124,775.08
13,239.11
0.66
12,229.80
24,400.00
0.63551808
127,294.27
111,787.63
15,506.64
0.57
13,950.78
25,700.00
537,103.23
528,151.99
8,951.24
5,881.15
2.92
Proyecto AGIL
Productos
Costos
1
2
3
4
101900.00
194300.00
193900.00
200300.00
690400.00
146,500.00
182,000.00
175,300.00
175,900.00
679,700.00
VAN
Tir
B/C
(6,048.76)
6.09
0.99
12.00
3.00
12
15
Flujos
Actualizacin
Ingresos
Costos
Flujos
Actualizacin Flujos Netos
Netos
12%
Actualizacin Actualizacin Actualizacin
15%
Actualizados
(44,600.00)
1.0
101,900.00
146,500.00
(44,600.00)
1.00 (447,600.00)
12,300.00
0.79719388
154,894.77
145,089.29
9,805.48
0.76
9300.57
18,600.00
0.71178025
138,014.19
124,775.08
13,239.11
0.66
12,229.80
24,400.00
0.63551808
127,294.27
111,787.63
15,506.64
0.57
13,950.78
10,700.00
522,103.23
528,151.99
(6,048.76)
(9,118.85)
(1.97)
Proyeccin a 5 Aos
(Anlisis financiero, incrementado el costo del gallinero y descontando en los ingresos
los Q. 15,000.00 aportados por el proyecto en ao 1 )
12
Ao
Productos
Costos
1
2
3
4
5
101900.00
194300.00
193900.00
200300.00
196100.00
886500.00
146500.00
182000.00
175300.00
175900.00
177700.00
857400.00
VAN
Tir
B/C
4,391.89
14.99
1.01
12.00
3.00
15
Flujos
Actualizacin
Ingresos
Costos
Flujos
Actualizacin Flujos Netos
Netos
12%
Actualizacin Actualizacin Actualizacin
15%
Actualizados
(44,600.00)
1.0
101900.00
146500.00
(44,600.00)
1.00
(44,600.00)
12300.00
0.79719388
154894.77
145089.29
9805.48
0.76
9300.57
18600.00
0.71178025
138014.19
124775.08
13239.11
0.66
12229.80
24400.00
0.63551808
127294.27
111787.63
15506.64
0.57
13908.00
18400.00
0.56742686
111272.41
100831.75
10440.65
0.50
9148.05
29100.00
633375.64
628983.75
4391.89
(13.58)
1.00
Proyecto AGIL
Anexos
100
80
60
40
20
0
1
10
Y e a r s o f la y
1.
This document is Fact Sheet PS35, one of a series of the Dairy and Poultry Sciences Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and
Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. First published April 1998. Please visit the FAIRS Website at http://hammock.ifas.ufl.edu.
2.
Jacqueline P. Jacob, poultry extension coordinator, Henry R. Wilson, professor, Richard D. Miles, professor, Dairy and Poultry Sciences Department, and Gary
Butcher, extension poultry veterinarian, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, and F. Ben Mather, poultry extension specialist, Dairy and Poultry Sciences Department,
Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32611.
The use of trade names in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information. It is not a guarantee or warranty of the products named, and does
not signify that they are approved to the exclusion of others of suitable composition.
The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences is an equal opportunity/affirmative action employer authorized to provide research, educational
information and other services only to individuals and institutions that function without regard to race, color, sex, age, handicap, or national origin.
For information on obtaining other extension publications, contact your county Cooperative Extension Service office. Florida Cooperative
Extension Service / Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences / University of Florida / Christine Taylor Waddill, Dean
Noninfectious Causes
Aging Hens
Chickens can live for many years and continue to
lay eggs for many of these years. However, after two or
three years many hens significantly decline in
productivity (see Figure 2). This varies greatly from
bird to bird. Good layers will lay for about 50 to 60
weeks and then have a rest period called a molt. Poorer
layers and older hens will molt more often and lay less
consistently. See Table 1.
Page 2
Calcium
Improper Nutrition
Laying chickens require a completely balanced diet
to sustain maximum egg production over time.
Inadequate nutrition can cause hens to stop laying.
Inadequate levels of energy, protein or calcium can
cause a drop in egg production. This is why it is so
important to supply laying hens with a constant supply
of nutritionally balanced layer food. Feeding whole
grains, scratch feeds and table scraps will cause the
birds diet to become imbalanced and inadequate.
Many times these imbalances can cause other
problems like oviductal prolapse. Prolapse may occur
when the bird is too fat and/or an egg is too large and
the birds reproductive tract is expelled with the egg.
Prolapse usually causes permanent damage to the hen
and is fatal in many cases.
Omission Of Feed Ingredients
Salt
Animals have an innate desire to consume salt.
Feeding a salt-deficient diet will lead to increased
feather pecking and a decline in egg production.
Most animal feeds will contain added salt, usually
in the form of sodium chloride. Iodine is rarely added
as a separate ingredient. Instead, iodized salt is
routinely used. Cobalt iodized salt is often used in diets
for swine and ruminants, and this can also be used
without any problems for poultry. This type of salt is
usually blue.
Sodium is an essential nutrient, playing a major role
in maintaining body fluid volume, blood pH, and proper
Vitamin D3
Vitamin D is required for normal calcium
absorption and utilization. If inadequate levels of
vitamin D are fed, induced calcium deficiency quickly
results and egg production decreases.
Feed grade vitamin D comes in two forms, D2 and
D3. In most animals, both are equally potent. In birds,
however, D3 is substantially more active than D2. In
poultry diets, therefore, vitamin D must be supplied in
the form of D3.
Page 3
Toxicoses
Salt
Although the salt requirement of birds is relatively
low, adequate levels are essential, and excessive
amounts are highly toxic and reduce egg production.
Birds require a sensitive balance between necessary and
toxic levels of salt. See Table 1.
Excess dietary salt intake readily causes wet
droppings and wet litter. Several feed ingredients, such
as fish meal, corn gluten meal, meat meal, whey and
sunflower meal contain high levels of sodium. When
such ingredients are used, the level of supplemental salt
(NaCl) in the diet must be reduced.
Phosphorus
Protein
Dietary requirements for protein are actually
requirements for the amino acids that constitute the
protein. There are 22 amino acids in body proteins, and
all are physiologically essential. Poultry cannot
synthesize some of these, or cannot synthesize them
rapidly enough to meet the metabolic requirement.
Therefore, these amino acids must be supplied in the
diet. Amino acid requirements vary considerably
according to the productive state (i.e., growing, laying
eggs, etc.), age, type, breed, and strain. Methionine is
the amino acid most often deficient in laying rations.
Vitamin D3
When pullets begin laying, there is an increase in
protein, vitamin and mineral requirements per day due
to deposition in the egg. If dietary protein is too low or
the amino acid requirements are not met, poor egg
production and hatchability will occur.
Fat
Dietary fat is a source of energy and of linoleic
acid, an essential fatty acid. A deficiency of linoleic acid
will adversely affect egg production. Dietary fats also
serve as carriers of fat-soluble vitamins, and some fat
is necessary for absorption of vitamins. In fact,
impairment of the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
(A, D, E, and K) is the most serious consequence of a
dietary deficiency of fat.
Mycotoxins
Molds can produce mycotoxins which adversely
affect egg production and general health. They can
interfere with the absorption or metabolism of certain
nutrients, depending on the particular mycotoxin.
Apparent calcium and/or vitamin D3 deficiencies can
occur when mycotoxin contaminated feeds are given to
April 1998
Page 4
Monensin
Monensin has been the most successful of the
anticoccidials. Monensin, and other ionophore
anticoccidials, have an adverse effect on egg production
when used in conjunction with low protein diets.
Botulism
Botulism is an acute intoxication caused by
consumption of a neurotoxin produced by the bacterium
Clostridium botulinum. It commonly occurs when
birds consume decomposing carcasses, spoiled feed or
other decaying organic materials. Ponds and other
stagnant water sources are often areas of decaying
materials that may contain this toxin.
Other toxins
Numerous plants are toxic to varying degrees if
plant parts or seeds are consumed by the bird.
Production, hatchability, growth, and livability may be
reduced. Examples of these plants include crotalaria,
nightshade, coffeeweed, cotton seeds, chick peas,
vetches, and many ornamentals. Other potential causes
of problems include pesticides, herbicides,
disinfectants, fertilizers, drugs, antibiotics, and other
chemicals, including oils and antifreeze.
Anticoccidials
Anticoccidials (to prevent coccidiosis) are
commonly used in diets for replacement pullets, meat
birds and young breeding stock that are reared on litter
floors. Anticoccidials are not given to commercial
laying hens.
Nicarbazin
Nicarbazin is an anticoccidial drug that reduces
reproductive performance when its inadvertently added
to layer or breeder diets at normal anticoccidial levels.
The yolk membranes are weakened, resulting in
mottling of the yolk. Nicarbazin fed to brown-egg layers
Management Mistakes
Out of feed
If hens are out of feed for several hours, a decline in
egg production will probably occur. The amount of
decline will be related to the time without feed. Be sure
that all the birds have access to an adequate supply of a
complete feed which meets all their nutritional
requirements.
Feed stored on the farm longer than two weeks may
become moldy. If feed becomes wet it should be
discarded. In addition, vitamin potency decreases with
prolonged storage.
Out of water
Water is often taken for granted, and yet it is
probably the most essential nutrient. Water is by far the
single constituent of the body, and, in general,
represents about 70% of total body weight. Access to
water is very important, and a lack of water for several
hours will probably cause a decline in egg production.
Hens are more sensitive to a lack of water than a lack of
feed.
The amount of water needed depends on
environmental temperature and relative humidity, diet
composition, and rate of egg production. It has been
generally assumed that birds drink approximately twice
as much water as the amount of feed consumed on a
weight basis, but water intake varies greatly, especially
in hot weather.
April 1998
Inadequate daylength
Hens need about 14 hours of daylength to maintain
egg production. The intensity of light should be
sufficient to allow a person to read newsprint at bird
level. The decreasing daylength during the Fall and
shorter daylengths in the Winter would be expected to
cause a severe decline, or even cessation, in egg
production unless supplemental light is provided.
When production ceases, the birds may also undergo a
feather molt. Hens exposed to only natural light would
be expected to resume egg production in the Spring.
Page 5
Fleas
Stick-tight fleas are sometimes a severe problem in
home flocks and may be difficult to prevent or
eradicate. The adult female flea attaches to the skin
around the face and head, causing severe irritation and,
in some cases, blindness. Refer to publication PS-10,
(Common Continuous External Parasites of Poultry),
for information on identification and control of sticktight fleas.
Endoparasites
An endoparasite is a parasite that lives and feeds
inside the host animal.
Heavy infestations of endoparasites can cause
unthriftiness, poor feed efficiency, poor growth, reduced
egg production, and mortality in severe infestations.
Infected birds may also be more susceptible to various
diseases and stresses.
Nematodes
Lice
Tapeworms
Diseases
Fowl Pox
Fowl pox is a viral disease of chickens
characterized by scab-like lesions on the skin of the
unfeathered body parts and/or on diphtheritic (wet)
membranes lining the mouth or air passages. Infection
with the fowl pox virus will cause the chickens to have
poor growth, poor feed conversion and a precipitous fall
in egg production. Fowl pox may affect any age bird. It
is transmitted by direct contact with an infected chicken
or by mosquitos. Table 2.
For more information on fowl pox, refer to
publication VM66, Prevention and Control of Fowl
Pox in Backyard Chicken Flocks.
Coccidiosis
Coccidiosis is a protozoan disease characterized by
enteritis and diarrhea in poultry. Unlike the organisms
which cause many other poultry diseases, coccidia are
almost universally found wherever chickens are raised.
Coccidiosis outbreaks vary from very mild to severe
infections. See Table 2.
Individual strains of cocci attack birds differently,
resulting in diverse symptoms. The overall symptoms
may be one or more of the following: bloody droppings,
high mortality, general droopiness, emaciation, a
marked drop in feed consumption, diarrhea and a drop
in egg production in layers.
It is common to add a coccidiostate in the feed of
broilers. In addition, live vaccines are currently
available.
Infectious bronchitis
Infectious bronchitis is a highly contagious
respiratory disease. The disease is caused by a virus
which is moderately resistant, but can be destroyed by
many common disinfectants.
Page 6
Page 7
Avian encephalomyelitis
Fowl cholera
Avian encephalomyelitis (epidemic tremors) is a
viral disease usually affecting young poultry. It is
characterized by incoordination and tremors, especially
of the head and neck in chicks, and elevated mortality
levels. Chicks that recover may later develop cataracts
after sexual maturity. In affected hens, decreases in egg
production and hatchability are noted.
Laying hens seldom show clinical signs when
infection is going through the flock. However, good
production records often reveal a slight drop in egg
production (5 to 20%) lasting no more than two weeks.
In breeding flocks, a corresponding decrease in
hatchability is also noted.
There is no effective treatment. All replacement
breeder and layer pullets should be immunized.
Page 8
Infectious coryza
Coryza is a respiratory disease of chickens.
Common clinical signs nclude swelling and puffiness
around the face and wattles, a thick sticky discharge
with a characteristic offensive odor from the nostrils,
labored breathing, and rales. There is a drop in feed and
water consumption as well as egg production.
April 1998
Page 9
SIGNS/SYMPTOMS
OMISSION OF INGREDIENTS
Salt
Calcium
Vitamin D3
Protein
Increased nervousness, increased mortality (peckouts), poor albumen quality, feather eating
Fat
TOXICOSES
Salt
Phosphorus
Lower feed intake, soft bones, thin shells, increased shell-less eggs
Vitamin D3
Mycotoxins
Nervousness, mouth lesions, fatty livers, biliary hyperplasia in liver tissue, reduced feed
intake, thin shell
Botulism
ANTICOCCIDIALS
Nicarbazin
Shell-less eggs, loss of pigment of brown eggs, lowered hatch, of fertile eggs
Monensin
MANAGEMENT MISTAKES
Out of feed
Out of water
Inadequate daylength
Reduced egg size, reduced feed consumption, increased water consumption, panting
ECTOPARASITES
Lice
Stick-tight fleas
Fleas embedded in the fleshy parts of the chickenss head around the eyes, ulceration and
irritation of skin around the eyes
ENDOPARASITES
Nematodes (roundworms)
Cestodes (tapeworms)
General unthriftiness, dry and unkempt feathers, hearty appetite but weight loss
April 1998
Page 10
Table 2. Typical diagnostic signs associated with common diseases and conditions which can cause a drop in egg production.
DISEASE
SIGNS
Fowl pox
- scab-like lesions on the unfeathered body parts (especially face and comb)
Coccidiosis
Infectious bronchitis
Newcastle disease
Mild form:
- reduction in feed and water consumption
- dramatic drop in egg production
- decreased shell quality
- increased mortality
Avian influenza
Avian encephalomyelitis
Mycoplasma gallisepticum
Fowl cholera
Infectious coryza
Acute form:
- respiratory distress
- twisted neck
April 1998