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Home> IndianDynasties>CholaDynasty

CholasruleformsanimportantpartinthehistoryofSouthIndia.Itsawremarkableprogressinalmostallspheresoflifesuchas
polity,cultureandeconomy.In9thcentury,theCholasgainedcontrolandoverthrewthePallavas.TheyruledinthesouthofIndia
fromthe9thto13thCentury.TheIndianCholaEmpireconquerednotonlysouthofIndiabutalsoextendedtheirempireoverthe
seasandruledpartsoftheMaldivesandSriLanka.

Vijayalaya
The founder of Chola Kingdom was Vijayalaya who conquered the kingdom of Tanjore during mid 8th century. The Indian Chola
dynasty is an important landmark in the history of India. The Chola Empire occupied present Tanjore and Trichirappalli districts
withsomeadjoiningareas.TheruleofCholadynastyrosetoprominencein850whentheirrulerVijayalayadefeatedthePallavas
andtookoverTanjorefromthem.DuetotheconflictbetweenPallavasandPandyas,VijayalayaoccupiedTanjoreandmadehis
capital.HewassucceededbyhissonAdityaI.

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AdityaI

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AdityaI defeated Pallava king Aparajita and also Parantaka Viranarayana, the Kongu ruler. After AdityaI the kingdom was
ascendedbyhissonParantakaIwhoruledbetween907to955AD.Cholaspowerearnedsupremacyunderhisreign.Parantaka
1annexedterritoryofPandyaKingandsoonconqueredtheVadumbas.HedefeatedawayallofthePallavaspower.
RajarajaChola

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Rajaraja Chola (9851014 AD) was the one of the imperialistic and greatest Chola rulers. He was one of
the greatest kings of the South India and was known as "Rajaraja the Great".Under the rule of Rajaraja
the Chola kingdom grew into an extensive and well knit empire. It maintained diplomatic ties with
countriesasdistantasBurma(Myanmar),China,andMalaysiaacrosstheIndianOcean.RajarajaIwith
the help of his able son Rajendra conquered nearly the whole of the present Madras Presidency. He
defeatedtheeasternChalukyasofVegi,thePandyasofMaduraiandtheGangasofMysore.Hewasan
ableadministratorandalsoagreatbuilder.RajarajacholabuiltamagnificenttempleatTanjore,whichis
namedasRajarajeshwarafterhisname.

RajendraChola
RajendraI(10121044AD)wasalsoanablerulerlikehisfatherRajarajaChola.HewentuptoBengaland became victorious on
the banks of Ganges. He was given the title of "Gangaikonda" (the victor of Ganges). He built up a new capital called
Gangaikondacholapuram. Rajendra Chola's greatest achievements was the conquest of Andaman and Nicobar islands. During
Rajendra Chola reign the kingdom was called the "Golden Age of Cholas." After his death the Chola kingdom began to decline.
Hissuccessorswereweakandsothekingdomstarteddisintegrating.

ViraRajendra
Vira Rajendra (1064 1070 AD) the elder brother of RajendraII succeeded his brother to reign for the next seven years. He
conquered the invasion of Chalukya King and defeated the Chalukya ruler.Vira reconquered Vengi and foiled the efforts of
Vijayabahu of Ceylon who was trying to drive the Cholas out of Ceylon. While SomeswaraII succeeded the Chalukyas throne,
RajendramadesomeincursionsbutlateronbuiltfriendlytiesbygivinghisdaughtertoVikramaditya.SoonafterthedeathofVira
Rajendrain1070AD,therewasacontestforthethroneandAdhiRajendra,theheirapparenttookthethrone.

Place

Patna,Bihar,Bengal&Srilanka

Period

300B.C.to1250A.D

Language

Tamil

Religion

Hinduism

Kings

Vijayalaya,AdityaI,RajrajaChola,RajendraChola,
ViraRajendra,KulottungaI,VikramaChola

KulottungaI
RajendraII succeeded Adhirajendra who got the title as Kulottunga Chola. In about 1073, Kalachuri King Yasahkarana invaded
Vengibutdidnotgainanything.PandyasandChera'sattackweredefeateddownbyKulottunga.ThesouthernKalingarevoltwas
also put down. In about 1118 AD, the Viceroy of Vengi the Vikramaditya VI took control of Vengi from Chola and thus
succeeded in separating the Cholas from the Eastern Chalukyas. Gangavadi and Nolambavadi were lost to Hoysala's
Vishnuvardhana.
VikramaChola(11201135AD)
The next successor, the son of KulottungaI restored the Chola power by reconquering Vengi and by taking control of part of
Gangavadi.HisreignwassomewhatpeacefultohissubjectsthoughtherewerefloodsandfaminesinSouthArcot.TheHoysala
expansiontookcontrolofCholapowerslowlyandsubsequently.ThelastrulersnamelyKulottungaII,RajarajaII,Rajadhiraja
IIIcouldnotstoptheHoysalasannexationofCholaKingdom.CholasholdonPandyankingdomhadalreadyweakened.Inabout
1243, the Pallava chief declared independence. The Kakatiyas and Hoysalas partitioned among themselves the territory of the
CholaEmpireandCholaEmpireceasedtoexistforever.
AdministrationandArt

CholaDynastywasprosperous.Itwasdividedintomandalamsorprovinces,furthersubdividedinto
valanadus and nadus. The Cholas also built many temples and numerous sculptures were also
found.TheyincludebronzeimageofNataraja,thedivinedancerShiva,dancingthedanceofdeath
anddestruction.TheCholarulersarerememberedmostfortheircreationsrather than their ruling..
Cholarulerswereactivepatronsofthearts,poetry,drama,music,anddance.They are known for
constructingenormousstonetemplecomplexesdecoratedinsideandoutwithpaintedandsculpted
representationsoftheHindugods.

CultureandSociety

ThereweremanydevelopmentsinthecultureandsocietyduringtheCholaEmpire.Themain
center for cultural and social gatherings was the temple. The temple was an institution in
itself. The temple courtyard functioned as a school where students were taught the ancient
VedasandHolyScriptures.Thetempleswerebuiltintheformofcitadelswherepeoplecould
feel safe during an attack or aggression. The society was divided into Brahmins and non
Brahmins.ThiswasthetimewhenBhakticultemergedandLordShivawasworshippedasa
symboloffertility.LanguagedevelopedimmenselyandmanylanguageslikeTamil,Kannada
andTeluguweredevelopedfromSanskrit.

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