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Solar Photovoltaic
Osamu Iso
22-Nov-05 (17:52)
3.Solar Photovoltaic
Contents
1. Basic principles of PV
1-1. Mechanism of generation
1-2. Various type of PV cell
1-3. Installation example
1-4. Basic characteristic
2. Potential assessment
2-1. Basic principle of assessment
2-2. Insolation measurement
2-3. Estimation of annual generation power
2-4. Case practice
3. System configuration
3-1. Cells, Modules and Arrays
3-2. Type of system ( Grid interconnection or not )
3-3. Power conditioner (Control system)
3-4. Batteries
3-5. Wiring
3-6. Some tips for system design
3-7. Case practice
2
22-Nov-05 (17:52)
e7 / PPA Workshop on Renewable Energies
3.Solar Photovoltaic
Contents
4. Example of equipment price
4-1. PV module
4-2. Battery
4-3. Power conditioner
5. Design example of Solar Home System ( SHS in Indonesia )
5-1. E7 Climate Change Projects
5-2. Renewable Energy Supply Systems
5-3. Reference
6. Design example of independent PV system for small community
6-1. Basic condition and planning steps
6-2. Basic load estimation
6-3. System capacity design
6-4. Backup generator
6-5. Merits of small grids (compare with SHS )
6-6. Case practice
22-Nov-05 (17:52)
3.Solar Photovoltaic
Contents
7. Design example of grid-connected PV system and analysis of
7-1. String characteristics
7-2. Energy production
7-3. Observations and analysis
8. Design example of grid interconnected PV system ( Philippine )
8-1. Introduction
8-2. Outline of Photovoltaic system
8-3. Lessons Learned
8-4. Photo and Drawings
9. Maintenance
22-Nov-05 (17:52)
e7 / PPA Workshop on Renewable Energies
3. Solar Photovoltaic
1. Basic principles of PV
22-Nov-05 (17:52)
1.Basic principle of PV
Contents
1. Basic principles of PV
1-1. Mechanism of generation
1-2. Various type of PV cell
1-3. Installation example
1-4. Basic characteristic
1-5. Case study
Advantages
Characteristics of Photovoltaic
Disadvantages
22-Nov-05 (17:52)
e7 / PPA Workshop on Renewable Energies
Capacity (kW)
22-Nov-05 (17:52)
Italy 1.4%
1,800,000 Netherlands
2.5%
1,600,000
Australia
2.9%
1,400,000
1,200,000
1,000,000
800,000
600,000
Other
8.2%
1,809,000kW
JAPAN
47.5%
USA
15.2%
Accumulated
capacity
Installed capacity
Accumulated
per
year
Installed
capacity
capacity
Germany 22.7%
per year
Accumulated capacity[MW]
at the end of 2003
400,000
200,000
0
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
00
01
02
03
Year
8
Mechanism of generation
The solar cell is composed of a P-type semiconductor and an N-type
semiconductor. Solar light hitting the cell produces two types of electrons,
negatively and positively charged electrons in the semiconductors.
Negatively charged (-) electrons gather around the N-type semiconductor
while positively charged (+) electrons gather around the P-type
semiconductor. When you connect loads such as a light bulb, electric
current flows between the two electrodes.
Electrode
Reflect-Proof Film
Solar Energy
N-Type Semiconductor
+
P-Type Semiconductor
Load
Electrode
Electric Current
22-Nov-05 (17:52)
22-Nov-05 (17:52)
N
P
Current appears
to be in the
reverse direction ?
Looks like
reverse
N
10
22-Nov-05 (17:52)
Voltage
Voltageon
onnormal
normaloperation
operationpoint
point
0.5V
0.5V(in
(incase
caseof
ofSilicon
SiliconPV)
PV)
22-Nov-05 (17:52)
Current
Currentdepend
dependon
on
--Intensity
Intensityof
ofinsolation
insolation
--Size
Sizeof
ofcell
cell
Short Circuit
Current(I)
(A)
IxV=W
(V)
Voltage(V)
Open Circuit
about 0.5V
(Silicon)
11
5.55A
Depend on cell-size
Standard in
solation 1.0
kW/m2
Depend on
Solar insolation
Depend on type
of cell or cellmaterial
( Si = 0.5V )
Current(I)
4.95A
(V)
Voltage(V)
0.49 V 0.62 V
12
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P
N
+
-
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13
Crystalline
Crystalline
Silicon
Silicon
Semiconductor
Semiconductor
e7 / PPA Workshop on Renewable Energies
Conversion
Conversion Efficiency
Efficiency
of
of Module
Module
Single
Single crystal
crystal
10
10 -- 17%
17%
Poly
Poly crystalline
crystalline
10
10 -- 13%
13%
Non-crystalline
Non-crystalline
Solar
Solar
Cell
Cell
Compound
Compound
Semiconductor
Semiconductor
Organic
Organic
Semiconductor
Semiconductor
Amorphous
Amorphous
Gallium
Gallium Arsenide
Arsenide (GaAs)
(GaAs)
77 -- 10%
10%
18
18 -- 30%
30%
Dye-sensitized
Dye-sensitized Type
Type
77 -- 8%
8%
Organic
Organic Thin
Thin Layer
Layer Type
Type
22 -- 3%
3%
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e7 / PPA Workshop on Renewable Energies
Single crystal
10cm
Poly crystalline
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15
Aluminum Electrode
(Silver colored wire)
To avoid shading,
electrode is very fine.
Front Surface
(N-Type side)
Back surface is Ptype.
All surface is
aluminum electrode
with full reflection.
16
22-Nov-05 (17:52)
e7 / PPA Workshop on Renewable Energies
Poly crystalline
128W
120W
(26.5V ,
4.8A)
(25.7V ,
4.7A)
1200mm
1200mm
3.93ft
(3.93ft)
800mm (3.93ft)
800mm 2.62ft
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17
Pulled up very
slowly to make
perfect crystal
Perfect
Perfectcrystal
crystalgrowing
growingis
ispossible.
possible.
Efficiency
Efficiencyis
ishigh.
high.
Process
Processspeed
speedisislow.
low.
Price
is
high.
Price is high.
18
22-Nov-05 (17:52)
e7 / PPA Workshop on Renewable Energies
22-Nov-05 (17:52)
Cooling
Cooling
Melting
Melting
Cutting
Cutting
Re-crystallizing
Re-crystallizing
Slicing
Slicing
19
Molten silicon
e7 / PPA Workshop on Renewable Energies
Crystallization
Crystallizationis
isnot
notperfect.
perfect.
Efficiency
is
lower
Efficiency is lowerthan
thansingle
singlecrystal.
crystal.
Process
speed
relatively
Process speed relativelyhigher.
higher.
Price
Priceis
islowerthan
lowerthansingle
singlecrystal.
crystal.
Crack of
crystalline
causes law
efficiency
Avoid pollution
Heater control
Melting
pot
Cooling block
Cool slowly,
carefully
Improve
ment
Ideal control of
ingot cooling
process
20
10
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22-Nov-05 (17:52)
21
Punching
Serial-hole forming
SiH4 + O2
Si + 2H2O
Punching
Correcting electrode forming
Plasma forming
process
( Vacuumed chamber )
LASER patterner
Back pattern
electrode forming
Protective film
Electrode patterning
Lamination
22
11
22-Nov-05 (17:52)
Single crystal
Price
High
10 - 17 %
1.0
about 30 %
(Reference)
1.3
about 60 %
Amorphous
1.7
about 10 %
Low
7 10 %
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23
18.8
21.1
36.8
80%
70%
28.7
Single Crystal
61.3
60%
50%
40%
10.2
30%
20%
10%
0%
Poly Crystalline
65.4
50.3
73.9
56
10.1
5.8
10
Japan
18.4
2.7
10.2
USA
EU
5
0
Others
5.4
9.9
Amorphous
Others
Total
24
12
22-Nov-05 (17:52)
Irradiance ( W/m)
Sun Spectrum
Wavelength (nm)
Ultra Violet
Visible light
Infra Red
22-Nov-05 (17:52)
25
Others
11.7%
EU
26.3%
1,194.7MW
(2004)
SHARP
27.1%
Japan
50.3%
USA
11.6%
SANYO
5.4%
26
13
22-Nov-05 (17:52)
Raw Silicon
IC Chip
Refining
99.99999999 %
Garbage,Edge,Inferior IC
(Melt again)
Under developing
(Expensive now)
PV
Refining
99.9999 %
Refining purity is lower than IC
To
Toget
getcheaper
cheapersilicon,
silicon,recycled
recycledsilicon
siliconisisused
usedfor
forPV.
PV.
Amount
of
raw
material
is
affected
by
IC
industrys
Amount of raw material is affected by IC industrysproduction
production
22-Nov-05 (17:52)
27
Reduce reflection
Polycrystalline ingot
Poly Si wafer
Wire saw
14
22-Nov-05 (17:52)
Volt
Ampere
Watt
Size
0.5V
5-6A
2-3W
about 10cm
5-6A
100-200W about 1m
Module 20-30V
Array
Array
about 30m
10 - 50 kW
Module,Panel
100 - 200 W
Cell
23W
6x9=54 (cells)
100-300 (modules)
22-Nov-05 (17:52)
29
20m(65feet)
2
11kw
kwPV
PVneed
need10
10m
m2
Conference
Room
(We are now)
Please
remember
10m(32feet)
30
15
22-Nov-05 (17:52)
No battery
22-Nov-05 (17:52)
31
32
16
22-Nov-05 (17:52)
e7 / PPA Workshop on Renewable Energies
22-Nov-05 (17:52)
33
1.2kW system
No Grid connection
AC supply
With battery
34
17
22-Nov-05 (17:52)
e7 / PPA Workshop on Renewable Energies
Site:
Mongolia
Installation: May & June in 1999
Purpose:
For lighting, refrigerator
and outlet in a hospital
Solar cell capacity:
3.4kW
Wind Power capacity: 1.8kW
Inverter capacity:
5kVA
22-Nov-05 (17:52)
35
2-1-3. Example
Electrification of a village (in Thailand)
Small Grid connection
(3 villages grid)
AC supply
With battery
18
22-Nov-05 (17:52)
Solar array
Solar array
Solar array
Controller
Light
Solar array
Storage battery
22-Nov-05 (17:52)
37
A
V
(A)
Ipmax
Current(I)
P1
I/V curve
IxV=W
Power curve
P2
(V)
Voltage(V)
Vpmax
38
19
22-Nov-05 (17:52)
R = 0.05()
(A)
10
R = 0.05()
V
R =
I
Current(I)
12
e7 / PPA Workshop on Renewable Energies
si
Re
nc
sta
ec
ter
ac
r
ha
2
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Voltage(V)
0.5
(V)
0.6
22-Nov-05 (17:52)
39
P
5A
Mismatch
1A
N
5A
Current(I)
(A)
N
P
P
Low intensity insolation
5A
1A
Bypass
Diode
N
P
IxV=W
1A
(V)
4A
N
40
20
22-Nov-05 (17:52)
Efficiency (%)
14
Crystalline cell
2%
down
12
10
0.4
Amorphous cell
0.25 (%/deg)
8
6
4
0.5 (
%/de
g
Summer time
on roof top
(65C)
Typical
(25C)
10
20 30 40 50 60 70
Module Temperature (deg.C)
80
90 100
22-Nov-05 (17:52)
41
(Work)
R = 0.02()
N
P
R = 0.05()
N
P
R = 0.10()
N
42
21
22-Nov-05 (17:52)
R =
(A)
V
I
R = 0.05()
12
Current(I)
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Voltage(V)
0.5
(V)
0.6
22-Nov-05 (17:52)
43
R =
R = 0.02()
(A)
Current(I)
10
e7 / PPA Workshop on Renewable Energies
R = 0.05()
P = 0.2311.2 = 2.58(W )
12
V
I
R = 0.10()
4
2
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Voltage(V)
0.5
0.6
(V)
44
22
22-Nov-05 (17:52)
R = 0.02()
P = 0 .23 11 .2 = 2 .58 (W )
N
Maximum
R = 0.05()
P = 0 .50 10 .0 = 5 .00 (W )
R = 0.10()
P = 0 .58 5 .7 = 3 .31(W )
N
P
22-Nov-05 (17:52)
45
System b
N
P
N
P
(Work)
46
23
22-Nov-05 (17:52)
12
Current(I)
10
P2max (0.5V,4A)
8
6
PXmax (0.6V,3A)
4
2
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Voltage(V)
0.5
(V)
0.6
22-Nov-05 (17:52)
47
3.6 W
For system a
(A)
P1max (0.5V,10A)
12
Current(I)
10
P2max (0.5V,4A)
8
6
PXmax (0.6V,3A)
2
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Voltage(V)
0.5
0.6
(V)
48
24
22-Nov-05 (17:52)
7.0 W
For system b
(A)
P1max (0.5V,10A)
12
Current(I)
10
P2max (0.5V,4A)
8
6
PXmax (0.6V,3A)
2
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Voltage(V)
0.5
(V)
0.6
22-Nov-05 (17:52)
49
System a
P
3A
P
10A
1.8 W
5.0 W
N
P
N
P
1.8 W
N
Total = 3.6 W
4A
6A 2.0 W
Total = 7.0 W
50
25
22-Nov-05 (17:52)
Efficiency (%)
14
Crystalline cell
2%
down
12
0.4
0.5 (
%/d
eg)
10
Amorphous cell
0.25 (%/deg)
8
6
Summer time
on roof top
(65C)
Typical
(25C)
4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
22-Nov-05 (17:52)
51
Efficiency (%)
13
2%
down
12
50
Crystalline cell
0.4
0.5 (
%/d
eg)
11
10
11
= 42 .3( kW )
13
Amorphous cell
0.25 (%/deg)
8
6
Summer time
on roof top
(65C)
Typical
(25C)
4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
26