Shear is the term assigned to forces that act perpendicular to the

longitudinal axis of structural elements.

Shear forces on beams are largest at the supports, and the shear force
at any distance x from a support
decreases by the amount of load between the support and the distance
x. Under uniform loading, the slope
of the shear diagram equals the magnitude of the unit uniform load.
Shear forces exist only with bending
forces. Concrete beams are expected to crack in flexure, with such
cracks forming perpendicular to
longitudinal tension reinforcement, i.e., perpendicular also to a free
edge. Principal tension stresses
change direction from horizontal at the longitudinal reinforcement to
45o at the neutral axis and vertical at
the location of maximum compression stress. Consequently, cracks in
concrete tend to point toward the
region of maximum compression stress as indicated by the cracks
shown in Fig. 4.1. Axial compression
force plus bending makes the area of compressed concrete larger than
without axial force. Shear is the term assigned to forces that act
perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of structural elements.
Shear forces on beams are largest at the supports, and the shear force
at any distance x from a support
decreases by the amount of load between the support and the distance
x. Under uniform loading, the slope
of the shear diagram equals the magnitude of the unit uniform load.
Shear forces exist only with bending
forces. Concrete beams are expected to crack in flexure, with such
cracks forming perpendicular to
longitudinal tension reinforcement, i.e., perpendicular also to a free
edge. Principal tension stresses
change direction from horizontal at the longitudinal reinforcement to
45o at the neutral axis and vertical at
the location of maximum compression stress. Consequently, cracks in
concrete tend to point toward the
region of maximum compression stress as indicated by the cracks
shown in Fig. 4.1. Axial compression
force plus bending makes the area of compressed concrete larger than
without axial force. Shear is the term assigned to forces that act
perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of structural elements.
Shear forces on beams are largest at the supports, and the shear force
at any distance x from a support
decreases by the amount of load between the support and the distance
x. Under uniform loading, the slope
of the shear diagram equals the magnitude of the unit uniform load.
Shear forces exist only with bending

forces. Concrete beams are expected to crack in flexure, with such

cracks forming perpendicular to
longitudinal tension reinforcement, i.e., perpendicular also to a free
edge. Principal tension stresses
change direction from horizontal at the longitudinal reinforcement to
45o at the neutral axis and vertical at
the location of maximum compression stress. Consequently, cracks in
concrete tend to point toward the
region of maximum compression stress as indicated by the cracks
shown in Fig. 4.1. Axial compression
force plus bending makes the area of compressed concrete larger than
without axial force. Shear is the term assigned to forces that act
perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of structural elements.
Shear forces on beams are largest at the supports, and the shear force
at any distance x from a support
decreases by the amount of load between the support and the distance
x. Under uniform loading, the slope
of the shear diagram equals the magnitude of the unit uniform load.
Shear forces exist only with bending
forces. Concrete beams are expected to crack in flexure, with such
cracks forming perpendicular to
longitudinal tension reinforcement, i.e., perpendicular also to a free
edge. Principal tension stresses
change direction from horizontal at the longitudinal reinforcement to
45o at the neutral axis and vertical at
the location of maximum compression stress. Consequently, cracks in
concrete tend to point toward the
region of maximum compression stress as indicated by the cracks
shown in Fig. 4.1. Axial compression
force plus bending makes the area of compressed concrete larger than
without axial force. Shear is the term assigned to forces that act
perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of structural elements.
Shear forces on beams are largest at the supports, and the shear force
at any distance x from a support
decreases by the amount of load between the support and the distance
x. Under uniform loading, the slope
of the shear diagram equals the magnitude of the unit uniform load.
Shear forces exist only with bending
forces. Concrete beams are expected to crack in flexure, with such
cracks forming perpendicular to
longitudinal tension reinforcement, i.e., perpendicular also to a free
edge. Principal tension stresses
change direction from horizontal at the longitudinal reinforcement to
45o at the neutral axis and vertical at
the location of maximum compression stress. Consequently, cracks in
concrete tend to point toward the

region of maximum compression stress as indicated by the cracks

shown in Fig. 4.1. Axial compression
force plus bending makes the area of compressed concrete larger than
without axial force. Shear is the term assigned to forces that act
perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of structural elements.
Shear forces on beams are largest at the supports, and the shear force
at any distance x from a support
decreases by the amount of load between the support and the distance
x. Under uniform loading, the slope
of the shear diagram equals the magnitude of the unit uniform load.
Shear forces exist only with bending
forces. Concrete beams are expected to crack in flexure, with such
cracks forming perpendicular to
longitudinal tension reinforcement, i.e., perpendicular also to a free
edge. Principal tension stresses
change direction from horizontal at the longitudinal reinforcement to
45o at the neutral axis and vertical at
the location of maximum compression stress. Consequently, cracks in
concrete tend to point toward the
region of maximum compression stress as indicated by the cracks
shown in Fig. 4.1. Axial compression
force plus bending makes the area of compressed concrete larger than
without axial force. Shear is the term assigned to forces that act
perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of structural elements.
Shear forces on beams are largest at the supports, and the shear force
at any distance x from a support
decreases by the amount of load between the support and the distance
x. Under uniform loading, the slope
of the shear diagram equals the magnitude of the unit uniform load.
Shear forces exist only with bending
forces. Concrete beams are expected to crack in flexure, with such
cracks forming perpendicular to
longitudinal tension reinforcement, i.e., perpendicular also to a free
edge. Principal tension stresses
change direction from horizontal at the longitudinal reinforcement to
45o at the neutral axis and vertical at
the location of maximum compression stress. Consequently, cracks in
concrete tend to point toward the
region of maximum compression stress as indicated by the cracks
shown in Fig. 4.1. Axial compression
force plus bending makes the area of compressed concrete larger than
without axial force. Shear is the term assigned to forces that act
perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of structural elements.
Shear forces on beams are largest at the supports, and the shear force
at any distance x from a support

decreases by the amount of load between the support and the distance
x. Under uniform loading, the slope
of the shear diagram equals the magnitude of the unit uniform load.
Shear forces exist only with bending
forces. Concrete beams are expected to crack in flexure, with such
cracks forming perpendicular to
longitudinal tension reinforcement, i.e., perpendicular also to a free
edge. Principal tension stresses
change direction from horizontal at the longitudinal reinforcement to
45o at the neutral axis and vertical at
the location of maximum compression stress. Consequently, cracks in
concrete tend to point toward the
region of maximum compression stress as indicated by the cracks
shown in Fig. 4.1. Axial compression
force plus bending makes the area of compressed concrete larger than
without axial force. Shear is the term assigned to forces that act
perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of structural elements.
Shear forces on beams are largest at the supports, and the shear force
at any distance x from a support
decreases by the amount of load between the support and the distance
x. Under uniform loading, the slope
of the shear diagram equals the magnitude of the unit uniform load.
Shear forces exist only with bending
forces. Concrete beams are expected to crack in flexure, with such
cracks forming perpendicular to
longitudinal tension reinforcement, i.e., perpendicular also to a free
edge. Principal tension stresses
change direction from horizontal at the longitudinal reinforcement to
45o at the neutral axis and vertical at
the location of maximum compression stress. Consequently, cracks in
concrete tend to point toward the
region of maximum compression stress as indicated by the cracks
shown in Fig. 4.1. Axial compression
force plus bending makes the area of compressed concrete larger than
without axial force. Shear is the term assigned to forces that act
perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of structural elements.
Shear forces on beams are largest at the supports, and the shear force
at any distance x from a support
decreases by the amount of load between the support and the distance
x. Under uniform loading, the slope
of the shear diagram equals the magnitude of the unit uniform load.
Shear forces exist only with bending
forces. Concrete beams are expected to crack in flexure, with such
cracks forming perpendicular to
longitudinal tension reinforcement, i.e., perpendicular also to a free
edge. Principal tension stresses

change direction from horizontal at the longitudinal reinforcement to

45o at the neutral axis and vertical at
the location of maximum compression stress. Consequently, cracks in
concrete tend to point toward the
region of maximum compression stress as indicated by the cracks
shown in Fig. 4.1. Axial compression
force plus bending makes the area of compressed concrete larger than
without axial force. Shear is the term assigned to forces that act
perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of structural elements.
Shear forces on beams are largest at the supports, and the shear force
at any distance x from a support
decreases by the amount of load between the support and the distance
x. Under uniform loading, the slope
of the shear diagram equals the magnitude of the unit uniform load.
Shear forces exist only with bending
forces. Concrete beams are expected to crack in flexure, with such
cracks forming perpendicular to
longitudinal tension reinforcement, i.e., perpendicular also to a free
edge. Principal tension stresses
change direction from horizontal at the longitudinal reinforcement to
45o at the neutral axis and vertical at
the location of maximum compression stress. Consequently, cracks in
concrete tend to point toward the
region of maximum compression stress as indicated by the cracks
shown in Fig. 4.1. Axial compression
force plus bending makes the area of compressed concrete larger than
without axial force. Shear is the term assigned to forces that act
perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of structural elements.
Shear forces on beams are largest at the supports, and the shear force
at any distance x from a support
decreases by the amount of load between the support and the distance
x. Under uniform loading, the slope
of the shear diagram equals the magnitude of the unit uniform load.
Shear forces exist only with bending
forces. Concrete beams are expected to crack in flexure, with such
cracks forming perpendicular to
longitudinal tension reinforcement, i.e., perpendicular also to a free
edge. Principal tension stresses
change direction from horizontal at the longitudinal reinforcement to
45o at the neutral axis and vertical at
the location of maximum compression stress. Consequently, cracks in
concrete tend to point toward the
region of maximum compression stress as indicated by the cracks
shown in Fig. 4.1. Axial compression

force plus bending makes the area of compressed concrete larger than
without axial force. Shear is the term assigned to forces that act
perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of structural elements.
Shear forces on beams are largest at the supports, and the shear force
at any distance x from a support
decreases by the amount of load between the support and the distance
x. Under uniform loading, the slope
of the shear diagram equals the magnitude of the unit uniform load.
Shear forces exist only with bending
forces. Concrete beams are expected to crack in flexure, with such
cracks forming perpendicular to
longitudinal tension reinforcement, i.e., perpendicular also to a free
edge. Principal tension stresses
change direction from horizontal at the longitudinal reinforcement to
45o at the neutral axis and vertical at
the location of maximum compression stress. Consequently, cracks in
concrete tend to point toward the
region of maximum compression stress as indicated by the cracks
shown in Fig. 4.1. Axial compression
force plus bending makes the area of compressed concrete larger than
without axial force. Shear is the term assigned to forces that act
perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of structural elements.
Shear forces on beams are largest at the supports, and the shear force
at any distance x from a support
decreases by the amount of load between the support and the distance
x. Under uniform loading, the slope
of the shear diagram equals the magnitude of the unit uniform load.
Shear forces exist only with bending
forces. Concrete beams are expected to crack in flexure, with such
cracks forming perpendicular to
longitudinal tension reinforcement, i.e., perpendicular also to a free
edge. Principal tension stresses
change direction from horizontal at the longitudinal reinforcement to
45o at the neutral axis and vertical at
the location of maximum compression stress. Consequently, cracks in
concrete tend to point toward the
region of maximum compression stress as indicated by the cracks
shown in Fig. 4.1. Axial compression
force plus bending makes the area of compressed concrete larger than
without axial force. Shear is the term assigned to forces that act
perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of structural elements.
Shear forces on beams are largest at the supports, and the shear force
at any distance x from a support
decreases by the amount of load between the support and the distance
x. Under uniform loading, the slope

of the shear diagram equals the magnitude of the unit uniform load.
Shear forces exist only with bending
forces. Concrete beams are expected to crack in flexure, with such
cracks forming perpendicular to
longitudinal tension reinforcement, i.e., perpendicular also to a free
edge. Principal tension stresses
change direction from horizontal at the longitudinal reinforcement to
45o at the neutral axis and vertical at
the location of maximum compression stress. Consequently, cracks in
concrete tend to point toward the
region of maximum compression stress as indicated by the cracks
shown in Fig. 4.1. Axial compression
force plus bending makes the area of compressed concrete larger than
without axial force. Shear is the term assigned to forces that act
perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of structural elements.
Shear forces on beams are largest at the supports, and the shear force
at any distance x from a support
decreases by the amount of load between the support and the distance
x. Under uniform loading, the slope
of the shear diagram equals the magnitude of the unit uniform load.
Shear forces exist only with bending
forces. Concrete beams are expected to crack in flexure, with such
cracks forming perpendicular to
longitudinal tension reinforcement, i.e., perpendicular also to a free
edge. Principal tension stresses
change direction from horizontal at the longitudinal reinforcement to
45o at the neutral axis and vertical at
the location of maximum compression stress. Consequently, cracks in
concrete tend to point toward the
region of maximum compression stress as indicated by the cracks
shown in Fig. 4.1. Axial compression
force plus bending makes the area of compressed concrete larger than
without axial force. Shear is the term assigned to forces that act
perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of structural elements.
Shear forces on beams are largest at the supports, and the shear force
at any distance x from a support
decreases by the amount of load between the support and the distance
x. Under uniform loading, the slope
of the shear diagram equals the magnitude of the unit uniform load.
Shear forces exist only with bending
forces. Concrete beams are expected to crack in flexure, with such
cracks forming perpendicular to
longitudinal tension reinforcement, i.e., perpendicular also to a free
edge. Principal tension stresses
change direction from horizontal at the longitudinal reinforcement to
45o at the neutral axis and vertical at

the location of maximum compression stress. Consequently, cracks in

concrete tend to point toward the
region of maximum compression stress as indicated by the cracks
shown in Fig. 4.1. Axial compression
force plus bending makes the area of compressed concrete larger than
without axial force. Shear is the term assigned to forces that act
perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of structural elements.
Shear forces on beams are largest at the supports, and the shear force
at any distance x from a support
decreases by the amount of load between the support and the distance
x. Under uniform loading, the slope
of the shear diagram equals the magnitude of the unit uniform load.
Shear forces exist only with bending
forces. Concrete beams are expected to crack in flexure, with such
cracks forming perpendicular to
longitudinal tension reinforcement, i.e., perpendicular also to a free
edge. Principal tension stresses
change direction from horizontal at the longitudinal reinforcement to
45o at the neutral axis and vertical at
the location of maximum compression stress. Consequently, cracks in
concrete tend to point toward the
region of maximum compression stress as indicated by the cracks
shown in Fig. 4.1. Axial compression
force plus bending makes the area of compressed concrete larger than
without axial force. Shear is the term assigned to forces that act
perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of structural elements.
Shear forces on beams are largest at the supports, and the shear force
at any distance x from a support
decreases by the amount of load between the support and the distance
x. Under uniform loading, the slope
of the shear diagram equals the magnitude of the unit uniform load.
Shear forces exist only with bending
forces. Concrete beams are expected to crack in flexure, with such
cracks forming perpendicular to
longitudinal tension reinforcement, i.e., perpendicular also to a free
edge. Principal tension stresses
change direction from horizontal at the longitudinal reinforcement to
45o at the neutral axis and vertical at
the location of maximum compression stress. Consequently, cracks in
concrete tend to point toward the
region of maximum compression stress as indicated by the cracks
shown in Fig. 4.1. Axial compression
force plus bending makes the area of compressed concrete larger than
without axial force.